{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:25:58Z","timestamp":1736227558105,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T02:08:25Z","timestamp":1598494105000},"page":"1243-1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Novel \u03b2-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Current and future aspects of pharmacological treatments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7012-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyoti","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Nazam","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6524-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00221","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18","article-title":"Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease","volume":"9","author":"Agostini","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0010","article-title":"Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449s","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-8663(02)00659-8","article-title":"The interferons: pharmacology, mechanism of action, tolerance and side effects","volume":"23","author":"Arnaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Interne."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0020","article-title":"COVID-19 and VTE\/anticoagulation: frequently asked questions Version 2.1. Available at","author":"ASH, American Society of","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13896","article-title":"Early administration of azithromycin and prevention of severe lower respiratory tract illnesses in preschool children with a history of such illnesses: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"Bacharier","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0030","unstructured":"Baravkar, A.A., Shende, M.V., Nalawade, N.A., Corona virus and COVID-19. Mohan, A., Cytokine storm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0035","unstructured":"Barrett, L., 2020. Treatment of Moderate to Severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Hospitalized Patients (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04321993)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19\u2014preliminary report","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25688","article-title":"The 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: Evidence for virus evolution","volume":"92","author":"Benvenuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0050","unstructured":"Biocon\u2019s drug Itolizumab gets approval to treat Covid-19. Updated on 13 July 2020 (https:\/\/www.pharmaceutical-technology.com\/news\/biocon-itolizumab-approval\/)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5964.1000173","article-title":"Azithromycin inhibits the replication of Zika virus","volume":"10","author":"Bosseboeuf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antivir. Antiretrovir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0060","unstructured":"Budhiraj, A.S., Mishra, R.S., 2020. To study the effectiveness of ivermectin with standard of care treatment versus standard of care treatment for COVID 19 cases. A pilot study (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT04373824)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0065","article-title":"Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering (Beijing)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787","article-title":"The FDA-approved Drug Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro","volume":"178","author":"Caly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0075","first-page":"30228","article-title":"Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact","volume":"22","author":"Cantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0080","unstructured":"Cao, B., 2020. A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Remdesivir in Hospitalized Adult Patients with Severe COVID-19(https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04257656)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa243","article-title":"Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 102 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30127-2","article-title":"Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Cavalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2014.09.003","article-title":"Fibrinolysis and the control of blood coagulation","volume":"29","author":"Chapin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0639-8","article-title":"Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Chousterman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0120","unstructured":"Cipla and Hetero launch remdesivir to treat Covid-19 in India. 2020. Pharmaceutical Technology (https:\/\/www.pharmaceutical-technology.com\/news\/cipla-hetero-remdesivir-covid-19\/)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0125","unstructured":"Cochrane, 2020. Targeted Update: Safety and efficacy of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane. Updated 17 June 2020. 33 (https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/targeted-update-safety-and-efficacy-of hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-for-treatment-of-covid-19)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0130","article-title":"Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies","volume":"34","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0135","unstructured":"Convalescent Plasma Trial in COVID-19 Patients. NIH U.S Library of Medicine (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT04356534)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0140","unstructured":"COVID-19 Treatment guidelines Panel, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (2019). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel Provides Recommendations for Dexamethasone in Patients with COVID-19. Updated on 2020 (available at https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/dexamethasone\/)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0145","unstructured":"de Paris, H., 2020. Cohort Multiple Randomized Controlled Trials Open-label of Immune Modulatory Drugs and Other Treatments in COVID-19 Patients - Sarilumab Trial - CORIMUNO-19-SARI (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04324073)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03011-14","article-title":"Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture","volume":"58","author":"de Wilde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0934-2","article-title":"Darunavir\/Cobicistat\/Emtricitabine\/TenofovirAlafenamide: a review in HIV-1infection","volume":"78","author":"Deeks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.2.1.10328","article-title":"Canakinumab","volume":"2","author":"Dhimolea","year":"2010","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0165","first-page":"4040","article-title":"Eculizumab treatment in patients with COVID-19: preliminary results from real life ASL Napoli 2 Nord experience","volume":"24","author":"Diurno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y.X., Chen, X.P., 2020. Response to\u201c Dose rationale for favipiravir use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2\u201d. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. doi: 10.1002\/cpt.1878.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1878"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0180","unstructured":"Fabio, C., 2020.Use of Defibrotide to Reduce Progression of Acute Respiratory Failure Rate in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04335201)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1432","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19","volume":"369","author":"Ferner","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzetti, M., Pozzetti, U., et al., 2020. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra in association with remdesivir in severe Coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. Int. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.050.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.050"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0200","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","volume":"105949","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01753","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01753-18","article-title":"Complement activation contributes to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Gralinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0210","first-page":"1","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak-an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.061911-0","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b2 and mycophenolic acid are potent inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in cell-based assays","volume":"95","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0220","unstructured":"Henriksen, M., 2020. Effectiveness of Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibitors in the Management of Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia: An Open-Label, Multicenter Sequential and Cluster Randomized Trial (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04322773)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0235","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary report","author":"Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009","article-title":"The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health: the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China","volume":"91","author":"Huids","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10238","key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","article-title":"Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir\u2013ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"395","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200060060-00009","article-title":"Lopinavir","volume":"60","author":"Hurst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0260","first-page":"4","article-title":"A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0265","unstructured":"Jolla, L., 2020. Clinical Trial Shows Itolizumab Reduces Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. Equillium. (https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2020\/07\/13\/2060993\/0\/en\/Clinical-Trial-Shows-Itolizumab-Reduces-Mortality-in-Patients-Hospitalized-with-COVID-19.html)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16727","article-title":"Thromboembolic risk and anticoagulant therapy in COVID-19 patients: emerging evidence and call for action","author":"Kollias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22211.2","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies in an outbreak scenario to treat the novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China","volume":"9","author":"Kruse","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102789","article-title":"A glimpse into the eye of the COVID-19 cytokine storm","volume":"55","author":"Kuppalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122679","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055533-0","article-title":"Delayed induction of proinflammatory cytokines and suppression of innate antiviral response by the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: implications for pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"94","author":"Lau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S., Shen, R., et al., 2020. Molecular modeling evaluation of the binding effect of Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Darunavir to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 proteases. BioRxiv doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.01.31.929695.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.31.929695"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105941","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"167","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0305","article-title":"Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: What we know so far","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0310","unstructured":"Lu, H., 2020. Efficacy and safety of Darunavir and Cobicistat for treatment of COVID-19 (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT04252274)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00030","article-title":"Evaluation of Ebola virus inhibitors for drug repurposing","volume":"1","author":"Madrid","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12010037","article-title":"Baricitinib: a 2018 novel FDA-approved small molecule inhibiting Janus kinases","volume":"12","author":"Mayence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.04.010","article-title":"Safe bronchodilator treatment in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: a single center experience","volume":"58","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30114-5","article-title":"Use of antiviral drugs to reduce COVID-19 transmission","volume":"8","author":"Mitja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0335","unstructured":"Moore, E.E., 2020. Fibrinolytic Therapy to Treat ARDS in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection: A Phase 2a Clinical Trial (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04357730)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1752802","article-title":"Computational studies of drug repurposing and synergism of lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir binding with SARS-CoV-2 Protease against COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0345","unstructured":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals, 2020 Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Canakinumab on Cytokine Release Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19-induced Pneumonia (CAN-COVID) (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04362813)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omotuyi, O.I., Nash, O., et al., 2020. Darunavir disrupts critical nodes in metastable 2019-nCoV-RBD\/ACE-2 Complex. Preprints 2020030125. doi: 10.20944\/preprints202003.0125.v1.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0125.v1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051113-024537","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway: impact on human disease and therapeutic intervention","volume":"66","author":"O\u2019shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17500","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"111","author":"Petkov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0365","first-page":"1","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism and heparin use in COVID-19 patients: juggling between pragmatic choices, suggestions of medical societies","volume":"4","author":"Porfidia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0370","unstructured":"Rawat, D., Sharma, S., 2020. Case Study: 60-Year-Old Female Presenting With Shortness of Breath. Stat. Pearls. Available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499852\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0309","article-title":"Antiviral drugs for viruses other than human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"86","author":"Razonable","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0380","unstructured":"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 2020. An Adaptive Phase 2\/3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab for Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. (https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04315298)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0385","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","volume":"3","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saavedra, D., A\u00f1\u00e9-Kour\u00ed, A.L., S\u00e1nchez, N., Filgueira, L.M., Betancourt, J., Herrera, C., Manso, L., Chavez, E., Caballero, A., Hidalgo, C., Lorenzo, G., 2020. An Anti-CD6 Monoclonal Antibody (Itolizumab) Reduces Circulating IL-6 in Severe Covid-19 Elderly Patients.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-32335\/v2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.185.7.786","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"185","author":"Said","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15072","article-title":"Current pharmacological treatments for COVID-19: what\u2019s next?","author":"Scavone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-017-0177-y","article-title":"The role of JAK-STAT signaling pathway and its regulators in the fate of T helper cells","volume":"15","author":"Seif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"issue":"10238","key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31101-6","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b for COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Shalhoub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivirand combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0420","unstructured":"Smith, T., Prosser, T., 2020. COVID-19 Drug Therapy\u2013Potential Options. Clinical Drug Information, Clinical Solutions, Elsevier."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328341dcc0","article-title":"Boosted protease inhibitors and the electrocardiographic measures of QT and PR durations","volume":"25","author":"Soliman","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0430","unstructured":"Stephen and Hahn, 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Encourages Recovered Patients to Donate Plasma for Development of Blood-Related Therapies. Commissioner of Food and Drugs - Food and Drug Administration US FDA (https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-encourages-recovered-patients-donate-plasma-development-blood)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.014076","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of treatment and outcome after a major outbreak","volume":"59","author":"Sung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0640-2","article-title":"Cytokine storms in infectious diseases. In seminars in immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Teijaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2004-168","article-title":"COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs","volume":"50","author":"Tufan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15319","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R700009200","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and Type I interferons","volume":"282","author":"Uematsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0460","first-page":"1","article-title":"Camostatmesilate therapy for COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Uno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0465","unstructured":"US FDA, 2020. FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems. Updated on 1 July 2020. (https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uttamani, J., Fernandes, G., Pandey, S., Surabathula, V., Bhat, D., 2020. Therapeutic Modalities in the management of COVID-19: A worldwide landscape.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.159415019.90371807"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6679","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01156-16","article-title":"Distinct effects of T-705 (favipiravir) and ribavirin on influenza virus replication and viral RNA synthesis","volume":"60","author":"Vanderlinden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0485","unstructured":"WHO welcomes preliminary results about dexamethasone use in treatingcritically ill COVID-19 patients 2020. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/16-06-2020-who-welcomes-preliminary-results-about-dexamethasone-use-in-treating-critically-ill-covid-19-patients."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0490","unstructured":"WHO, World Health Organization, 2020a. DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/blueprint\/priority-diseases\/key-action\/novel-coronavirus-landscape ncov.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO, World Health organization, 2020b Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf.","DOI":"10.15557\/PiMR.2020.0003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.23","article-title":"The emerging safety profile of JAK inhibitors in rheumatic disease","volume":"13","author":"Winthrop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.10.010","article-title":"Anticomplement C5 therapy with eculizumab for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"165","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0515","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.02.008","article-title":"Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 (2020). Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with Tocilizumab","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13196","article-title":"MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45053","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14630-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10229","key":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1319016420301948?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1319016420301948?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T17:23:24Z","timestamp":1736184204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1319016420301948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1319016420301948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-0164"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1319-0164"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel \u03b2-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Current and future aspects of pharmacological treatments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}