{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:14:20Z","timestamp":1789384460009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]],"date-time":"2009-02-05T09:28:26Z","timestamp":1233826106000},"page":"25-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Results from a national survey of Crown prosecutors and defense counsel on impaired driving in Canada: A \u201cSystem Improvements\u201d perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Robyn","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ward","family":"Vanlaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herb","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Boase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.11.1696","article-title":"Effects of ignition interlock license restrictions on drivers with multiple alcohol offenses: a random trial in Maryland","volume":"89","author":"Beck","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib2","series-title":"Best practices for alcohol interlock programs","author":"Beirness","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib3","series-title":"DWI Repeat Offenders: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature","author":"Beirness","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prosecutors and Drunk Driving: Choosing an Effective Role","volume":"8","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol, Drugs and Driving"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib5","series-title":"International Council of Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, ICADTS, T2007, August 26th-30th, 2007, Seattle, Washington","article-title":"Search Warrants for BAC Test Refusals","author":"Hedlund","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib6","series-title":"Drunk Driving: Seeking Additional Solutions","author":"Hedlund","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib7","series-title":"Front-line Police Officers Perceptions and Attitudes About the Enforcement of Impaired Driving Laws in Canada","author":"Jonah","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib8","series-title":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Technical Report","article-title":"Problems and solutions in DWI enforcement systems","author":"Jones","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199812000-00016","article-title":"Prosecution and conviction of the injured intoxicated driver","volume":"45","author":"Krause","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib10","series-title":"The Alcohol-Crash Problem In Canada: 2005","author":"Mayhew","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(96)00058-X","article-title":"Drunk drivers in the courts: legal and extra-legal factors affecting pleas and sentences","volume":"25","author":"Meyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib12","series-title":"The Implementation of the 1985 Amendments to the Drinking and Driving Sections of the Criminal Code","author":"Moyer","year":"1992"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80110-6","article-title":"Failure of the legal system to enforce drunk driving legislation effectively","volume":"22","author":"Rehm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib14","series-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Working Group on DWI System Improvements","article-title":"A Criminal Justice Perspective on Ignition Interlocks","author":"Robertson","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib15","series-title":"National Survey of Crown Prosecutors and Defense Counsel on Impaired Driving","author":"Robertson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib16","series-title":"Prosecution","article-title":"DWI System Improvements for Dealing with Hard Core Drinking Drivers","author":"Robertson","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib17","series-title":"Adjudication and Sanctioning","article-title":"DWI System Improvements for Dealing with Hard Core Drinking Drivers","author":"Robertson","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib18","series-title":"Monitoring","article-title":"DWI System Improvements for Dealing with Hard Core Drinking Drivers","author":"Robertson","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib19","series-title":"DWI System Improvements: Stopping the Revolving Door","author":"Robertson","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib20","series-title":"DWI System Improvements: Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting","author":"Robertson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib21","series-title":"Ignition Interlocks. From Research to Practice. A Primer for Judges","author":"Robertson","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580490465355","article-title":"Hard core drinking drivers","volume":"5","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib23","series-title":"Enforcement","article-title":"DWI System Improvements for Dealing with Hard Core Drinking Drivers","author":"Simpson","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib24","series-title":"Road Safety Monitor: Drinking and Driving","author":"Vanlaar","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.05.009","article-title":"A perceptual map for understanding concern about unsafe driving behaviours","volume":"40","author":"Vanlaar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib26","series-title":"Recommendations from the Survey of Crown Attorneys on the Adjudication of Alcohol-Related Criminal Driving Cases in Ontario","author":"Vingilis","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580309887","article-title":"Commentary: Barriers to interlock implementation","volume":"4","author":"Voas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9412184910.x","article-title":"The Alberta interlock program: The evaluation of a province-wide program on DUI recidivism","volume":"94","author":"Voas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib29","series-title":"Assessment of Impoundment and Forfeiture Laws for Drivers Convicted of DWI: Phase II Report","author":"Voas","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib30","series-title":"In 40th Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 293-305","article-title":"The effect of vehicle impoundment and immobilization on driving offenses of suspended and repeat DWI drivers","author":"Voas","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580600992895","article-title":"Hardcore Drinking Drivers and Other Contributors to the Alcohol-impaired Driving Problem: Need for a Comprehensive Approach","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001_bib32","series-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 (4)","article-title":"Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programmes for Reducing Drink Driving Recidivism (Review)","author":"Willis","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437509000061?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437509000061?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,22]],"date-time":"2018-12-22T02:23:52Z","timestamp":1545445432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022437509000061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022437509000061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.12.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4375","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}}}