{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T14:57:19Z","timestamp":1770994639166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,3]],"date-time":"2011-08-03T11:26:40Z","timestamp":1312370800000},"page":"283-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A national evaluation of the nighttime and passenger restriction components of graduated driver licensing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"James C.","family":"Fell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Voas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0005","series-title":"Impact of passengers on driver safety","author":"Aldridge","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0010","series-title":"Nationwide Review of Graduated Driver Licensing","author":"Baker","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(02)00087-7","article-title":"Graduated driver licensing: The New Zealand experience","volume":"34","author":"Begg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0020","series-title":"The road safety monitor 2004: Young Drivers","author":"Beirness","year":"2004"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.12.1578","article-title":"Carrying passengers as a risk factor for crashes fatal to 16- and 17-year-old drivers","volume":"283","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2281","article-title":"Graduated driver licensing programs and fatal crashes of 16-year-old drivers: A national evaluation","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2004.09.013","article-title":"Graduated driver licensing and teen traffic fatalities","volume":"24","author":"Dee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00060-2","article-title":"The situational risks of young drivers: The influence of passengers, time of day and day of week on accident rates","volume":"30","author":"Doherty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088709027485","article-title":"Young driver risk-taking: A description of dangerous driving situations among sixteen to nineteen-year-old drivers","volume":"22","author":"Farrow","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of the Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0050","series-title":"Distribution of Licensed Drivers\u20142008. By sex and percentage in each age group and relation to population","author":"Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2007.02.001","article-title":"Progress in teenage crash risk during the last decade","volume":"38","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(02)00083-X","article-title":"Enhancing the effectiveness of graduate driver licensing legislation","volume":"34","author":"Foss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0065","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Initial effects of graduated driver licensing on 16-year-old driver crashes in North Carolina","volume":"286","author":"Foss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0070","series-title":"Licensing ages and graduated licensing systems","author":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety [IIHS]","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0075","series-title":"Licensing systems for young drivers","author":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety [IIHS]","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0080","series-title":"Research Report No. 207","article-title":"Teenage driver risks and interventions","author":"Masten","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580490435051","article-title":"The effectiveness of home-study driver education compared to classroom instruction: The impact on student knowledge and attitudes","volume":"5","author":"Masten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10286580108902563","article-title":"Impact of the graduated driver licensing program in Nova Scotia","volume":"2","author":"Mayhew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00047-7","article-title":"Changes in collision rates among novice drivers during the first months of driving","volume":"35","author":"Mayhew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00006-4","article-title":"Driving experience, crashes and traffic citations of teenage beginning drivers","volume":"35","author":"McCartt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580903578854","article-title":"Graduated licensing laws and fatal crashes of teenage drivers: A national study","volume":"11","author":"McCartt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0110","series-title":"Graduated Licensing Laws and Fatal Crashes of Teenage Drivers: A National Study","author":"McCartt","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii32","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.8.suppl_2.ii32","article-title":"Graduated driver licensing: What works?","volume":"8","author":"McKnight","year":"2002","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0120","series-title":"Mortality Data, Multiple Cause-of-Death Public-Use Data Files","author":"National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS]","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0125","series-title":"Graduated driver licensing system. Traffic safety facts: Laws","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA]","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0130","series-title":"Traffic Safety Facts, Law: Graduated Licensing System (DOT HS 810 888W)","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA]","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0135","series-title":"Digest of Impaired Driving and Selected Beverage Control Laws","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA]","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00081-X","article-title":"The effect of teenage passengers on the fatal crash risk of teenage drivers","volume":"30","author":"Preusser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0145","series-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Applied Psychology","article-title":"Month-by-month changes in accident risk among novice drivers","author":"Sagberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0150","series-title":"Road Safety Research, Education, and Policing Conference","article-title":"Young driver research: Where are we now? What do we still need to know?","author":"Senserrick","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2004.04.001","article-title":"Michigan's graduated driver licensing program: Evaluation of the first four years","volume":"35","author":"Shope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.13.1593","article-title":"Graduated driver licensing in Michigan: Early impact on motor vehicle crashes among 16year-old drivers","volume":"286","author":"Shope","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0165","series-title":"45th Annual Proceedings of the Association for Advancement of Automotive, Barrington, Illinois","article-title":"Motor vehicle occupant crashes among teens: Impact of the graduated licensing law in San Diego","author":"Smith","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0170","series-title":"2002 Traffic Safety Facts: Research Note","article-title":"Motor vehicle traffic crashes as a leading cause of death in the United States","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0175","series-title":"Transitioning to Multiple Imputation - A New Method to Estimate Missing Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Values in FARS. (DOT HS 809 403)","author":"Subramanian","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0180","series-title":"Report to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and its Subcommittee on Highways and Transit, House of Representatives. (GAO-10-544)","article-title":"Teen Driver Safety, Additional Research Could Help States Strengthen Graduated Driver Licensing Systems","author":"U.S. Government Accountability Office [GAO]","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00074-3","article-title":"Graduated licensing program on the crash rate of teenage drivers","volume":"32","author":"Ulmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0190","series-title":"An Evaluation of Graduated Driver Licensing Programs in North America","author":"Vanlaar","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.02.004","article-title":"Validity of surrogate measures of alcohol involvement when applied to nonfatal crashes","volume":"41","author":"Voas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.5.2.133","article-title":"Graduated licensing comes to the United States","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580590969076","article-title":"Commentary: Next steps for graduated licensing","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2010.501834","article-title":"The contribution of fatal crashes involving teens transporting teens","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"Suppl. II","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii9","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.8.suppl_2.ii9","article-title":"Rationale for graduated licensing and the risks it should address","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580590969085","article-title":"Sixteen-year-old drivers in fatal crashes, United States, 2003","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2307\/3343314","article-title":"Night driving restrictions for youthful drivers: A literature review and commentary","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001_bb0230","series-title":"Characteristics and conditions of teenage safety belt use","author":"Womack","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437511000594?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437511000594?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T12:38:42Z","timestamp":1758371922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022437511000594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022437511000594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4375","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A national evaluation of the nighttime and passenger restriction components of graduated driver licensing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Safety Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}