{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:47:01Z","timestamp":1788587221146,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:43:17Z","timestamp":1759419797000},"page":"171-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Do Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) improve or worsen road safety? Assessing crash impacts in San Francisco"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-4330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedant S.","family":"Goyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8133-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Erhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikiforos","family":"Stamatiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Bollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.12.006","article-title":"Spatial analysis of fatal and injury crashes in Pennsylvania","volume":"38","author":"Aguero-Valverde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3141\/2136-10","article-title":"Bayesian multivariate poisson lognormal models for crash severity modeling and site ranking","volume":"2136","author":"Aguero-Valverde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.03.011","article-title":"On the relationship between congestion and road safety in cities","volume":"105","author":"Albalate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0260","first-page":"2011","article-title":"Ride-hailing, travel behaviour and sustainable mobility: An international review","volume":"47","author":"Alejandro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2018.06.002","article-title":"What influences travelers to use Uber? Exploring the factors affecting the adoption of on-demand ride services in California","volume":"13","author":"Alemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Travel Behaviour and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0025","unstructured":"Annual background checks | Driving & Delivering | Uber Help. (2024). Uber. https:\/\/help.uber.com\/en\/driving-and-delivering\/article\/annual-background-checks?nodeId=4c538b1d-7626-4cdc-9274-68a3fd74e006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrios, J., Hochberg, Y., & Yi, H. (2020). The Cost of Convenience: Ridehailing and Traffic Fatalities (NBER Working Paper No. 26783). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. https:\/\/econpapers.repec.org\/paper\/nbrnberwo\/26783.htm.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26783"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12066-z","article-title":"Differential impacts of ridesharing on alcohol-related crashes by socioeconomic municipalities: Rate of technology adoption matters","volume":"21","author":"Blazquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww062","article-title":"Uber and Metropolitan Traffic fatalities in the United States","volume":"184","author":"Brazil","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (1998). Regression Analysis of Count Data.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511814365"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0050","unstructured":"CHP-SWITRS. (2019). https:\/\/iswitrs.chp.ca.gov\/Reports\/jsp\/index.jsp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0055","series-title":"UC Davis Sustainable Transportation Energy Pathways of the Institute of Transportation Studies","article-title":"Disruptive transportation: The Adoption, utilization, and impacts of ride-hailing in the united states","author":"Clewlow","year":"2017"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118798459","article-title":"Profiling transport network company activity using big data","volume":"2672","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0065","unstructured":"Dalziel, J. R., & Job, R. F. S. (1997). Taxi drivers and road safety (p. 162) [Report to the Federal Office of Road Safety]. Univeristy of Sydney. http:\/\/www.taxi-library.org\/taxi-drivers-and-road-safety.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00678-z","article-title":"Impacts of transportation network companies on urban mobility","volume":"4","author":"Diao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Sustainability"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12255","article-title":"Ride-sharing, fatal crashes, and crime: Ride-sharing, fatal crashes, and crime","volume":"84","author":"Dills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Southern Economic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0080","unstructured":"Driver requirements\u2014Lyft Help. (2024). https:\/\/help.lyft.com\/hc\/lt\/all\/articles\/115012925687-Driver-requirements#rerun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0085","first-page":"313","article-title":"Do transportation network companies increase or decrease transit ridership?","volume":"49","author":"Erhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Empirical evidence from San Francisco. Transportation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau2670","article-title":"Do transportation network companies decrease or increase congestion?","volume":"5","author":"Erhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0095","series-title":"Measuring sprawl and its impact","author":"Ewing","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.9.1541","article-title":"Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities","volume":"93","author":"Ewing","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053078","article-title":"Does the implementation of ride-hailing services affect urban road safety? the experience of madrid","volume":"19","author":"Flor","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flor, M., Ortu\u00f1o, A., Guirao, B., & Casares, J. (2021). Analysis of the Impact of Ride-Hailing Services on Motor Vehicles Crashes in Madrid. Sustainability, 13(11), Article 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13115855.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115855"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwood, B. N., & Wattal, S. (2015). Show Me the Way to Go Home: An Empirical Investigation of Ride Sharing and Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Homicide (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 2557612). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2557612.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2557612"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3141\/1840-10","article-title":"Macrolevel accident prediction models for evaluating safety of urban transportation systems","volume":"1840","author":"Hadayeghi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.12.003","article-title":"Temporal transferability and updating of zonal level accident prediction models","volume":"38","author":"Hadayeghi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident; Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampshire, R., Simek, C., Fabusuyi, T., Di, X., & Chen, X. (2017). Measuring the Impact of an Unanticipated Disruption of Uber\/Lyft in Austin, TX (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 2977969). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2977969.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2977969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0135","series-title":"Impacts of ridesourcing\u2014lyft and uber\u2014on transportation including VMT, mode replacement, parking","author":"Henao","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00132-3","article-title":"Explaining two-lane highway crash rates using land use and hourly exposure","volume":"32","author":"Ivan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0150","unstructured":"Jovanis, P. P., & Chang, H.-L. (1986). MODELING THE RELATIONSHIP OF ACCIDENTS TO MILES TRAVELED. Transportation Research Record, 1068, Article HS-039 853. https:\/\/trid.trb.org\/view\/288394."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00122-X","article-title":"Heterogeneity considerations in accident modeling","volume":"30","author":"Karlaftis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112793","article-title":"The implications of ridehailing for risky driving and road accident injuries and fatalities","volume":"250","author":"Kirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0165","article-title":"Associating ridesourcing with road safety outcomes: Insights from Austin","volume":"16","author":"Kontou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Texas. PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3141\/1897-25","article-title":"Forecasting crashes at the planning level: Simultaneous negative binomial crash model applied in tucson","volume":"1897","author":"Ladr\u00f3n de Guevara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arizona. Transportation Research Record"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00018-U","article-title":"Spatial analysis of Honolulu motor vehicle crashes: II","volume":"27","author":"Levine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zonal generators. Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.07.003","article-title":"Modeling crash-flow-density and crash-flow-V\/C ratio relationships for rural and urban freeway segments","volume":"37","author":"Lord","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005095725001","article-title":"The relationship among highway geometrics, traffic-related elements and motor-vehicle accident frequencies","volume":"25","author":"Milton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2021.82.720","article-title":"Rideshare trips and alcohol-involved motor vehicle crashes in chicago","volume":"82","author":"Morrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043644","article-title":"Ridesharing and motor vehicle crashes: A spatial ecological case-crossover study of trip-level data","volume":"27","author":"Morrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0200","unstructured":"NHTSA. (2023, October). Summary of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes 2021. https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/813515."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0205","article-title":"New york city drunk driving after uber","author":"Peck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Economics Working Papers."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.03.009","article-title":"Modelling area-wide count outcomes with spatial correlation and heterogeneity: An analysis of London crash data","volume":"40","author":"Quddus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183400","article-title":"Current understanding of the effects of congestion on traffic accidents","volume":"16","author":"Retallack","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., Cooper, D., Mucci, A., Sana, B., Chen, M., Castiglione, J., & Erhardt, G. (2020). Why is traffic congestion getting worse? A decomposition of the contributors to growing congestion in San Francisco-Determining the Role of TNCs. Case Studies on Transport Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cstp.2020.09.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2020.09.008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0225","article-title":"Taxi and livery crashes in new york city, 1990-99","author":"Schaller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schaller Consulting."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0230","unstructured":"SF-CHAMP Modeling. (2002, October 1). SFCTA. https:\/\/www.sfcta.org\/sf-champ-modeling."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90041-8","article-title":"Congestion, air pollution, and road fatalities in urban areas","volume":"26","author":"Shefer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098975970","article-title":"Congestion and safety on highways: towards an analytical model","volume":"34","author":"Shefer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2005.03.007","article-title":"Bayesian multivariate spatial models for roadway traffic crash mapping","volume":"97","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Multivariate Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0250","unstructured":"Stewart, T. (2023). Overview of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes in 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198196154200108","article-title":"Methodology for identifying highway safety problem areas","volume":"1542","author":"Tarko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0265","unstructured":"USDOT. (2023, October 25). The Roadway Safety Problem | US Department of Transportation. The Roadway Safety Problem. https:\/\/www.transportation.gov\/NRSS\/SafetyProblem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3141\/1635-03","article-title":"Accident models for two-lane rural segments and intersections","volume":"1635","author":"Vogt;","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0275","first-page":"13174","article-title":"Air pollution, greenhouse gas, and traffic externality benefits and costs of shifting private vehicle travel to ridesourcing services","volume":"55","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013_b0280","unstructured":"Wooldridge, J. (2002). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. https:\/\/ipcig.org\/evaluation\/apoio\/Wooldridge%20-%20Cross-section%20and%20Panel%20Data.pdf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437525001446?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437525001446?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T04:35:24Z","timestamp":1780202124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022437525001446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0022437525001446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4375","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Do Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) improve or worsen road safety? Assessing crash impacts in San Francisco","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Safety Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2025.09.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}