{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:04:02Z","timestamp":1789491842011,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T10:58:20Z","timestamp":1781693900000},"page":"91-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra S.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pnina","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha H.","family":"Haus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica B.","family":"Cicchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5929-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Mehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4850-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SAE International. (2021). Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles (SAE Standard J3016, Report No. J3016_202104). doi:10.4271\/J3016_202104.","DOI":"10.4271\/J3016_202104"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0005","unstructured":"American Automobile Association, Inc. (2020). Evaluation of active driving assistance systems. https:\/\/newsroom.aaa.com\/asset\/report-fact-sheet-evaluating-active-driver-assistance-systems\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.03.010","article-title":"Evaluate driver response to active warning system in level-2 automated vehicles","volume":"128","author":"Atwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0015","unstructured":"Campbell, J. L., Brown, J. L., Graving, J. S., Richard, C. M., Lichty, M. G., Sanquist, T., Bacon, P., Woods, R., Li, H., Williams, D. N., & Morgan, J. L. (2016, December). Human factors design guidance for driver-vehicle interfaces (Report No. DOT HS 812 360). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12039","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3109555","article-title":"Safety implications of variability in autonomous driving assist alerting","volume":"23","author":"Cummings","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106152","article-title":"Investigating the impact of driving automation systems on distracted driving behaviors","volume":"156","author":"Dunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107684","article-title":"Attentional warnings caused by driver monitoring systems: How often do they appear and how well are they understood?","volume":"205","author":"Forster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102021","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926040","article-title":"MIT advanced vehicle technology study: Large-scale naturalistic driving study of driver behavior and interaction with automation","volume":"7","author":"Fridman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106217","article-title":"Driver behavior and the use of automation in real-world driving","volume":"158","author":"Gershon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1177\/21695067231192246","article-title":"The relationship between partial-automation use and driver sentiment toward automation","volume":"67","author":"Haus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631053","article-title":"November). Multimodal cue combinations: A possible approach to designing in-vehicle takeover requests for semi-autonomous driving","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0055","first-page":"3","article-title":"IIHS examines driver assistance features in road, track tests","volume":"53","author":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety","year":"2018","journal-title":"Status Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0060","unstructured":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (2024). First partial driving automation safeguard ratings show industry has work to do. https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/news\/detail\/first-partial-driving-automation-safeguard-ratings-show-industry-has-work-to-do."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1561786","article-title":"System attributes that influence reported improvement in drivers' experiences with adaptive cruise control and active lane keeping after daily use in five production vehicles","volume":"35","author":"Kidd","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211027150","article-title":"Is driving automation used as intended? Real-world use of partially automated driving systems and their safety consequences","volume":"2676","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.12.008","article-title":"The effectiveness of driver monitoring systems in mitigating visual distraction depends on secondary task complexity and experience\u2212 A driving simulator study","volume":"109","author":"Koniakowsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.11.012","article-title":"The impact of an in-vehicle display on glance distribution in partially automated driving in an on-road experiment","volume":"52","author":"Kraft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.04.006","article-title":"An interview study exploring Tesla drivers' behavioral adaptation","volume":"72","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1107847","article-title":"Multimodal interface and reliability displays: Effect on attention, mode awareness, and trust in partially automated vehicles","volume":"14","author":"Monsaingeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343420983126","article-title":"Addressing driver disengagement and proper system use: Human factors recommendations for Level 2 driving automation design","volume":"15","author":"Mueller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.10.015","article-title":"Habits, attitudes, and expectations of regular users of partial driving automation systems","volume":"88","author":"Mueller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2025.02.019","article-title":"Finding windows of opportunity: How drivers adapt to partial automation safeguards over time","volume":"111","author":"Mueller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0120","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. (2020). Collision between a sport utility vehicle operating with partial driving automation and a crash attenuator: Mountain View, California, March 23, 2018 (Report No. Highway Accident Report NTSB\/HAR-20\/01)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0125","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. (2024a). Rear-end collision between a sport utility vehicle operating with partial driving automation and a stationary sport utility vehicle: San Antonio, Texas, February 24, 2024. (Report No. Highway Accident Report NTSB\/HWY24FH006)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0130","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. (2024b). Rear-end collision between a sport utility vehicle operating with partial driving automation and two stationary passenger vehicles: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 3, 2024. (Report No. Highway Accident Report NTSB\/ HWY24FH008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0115","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. (2019). Collision between car operating with partial driving automation and truck- tractor semitrailer: Delray Beach, Florida, March 1, 2019 (Highway Accident Brief NTSB\/HAB-20\/01)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0110","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. (2017). Collision between a car operating with automated vehicle control systems and a tractor- semitrailer truck near Williston, Florida, May 7, 2016 (Highway Accident Report NTSB\/HAR-17\/02)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105959","article-title":"Evaluating driver eye glance behavior and secondary task engagement while using driving automation systems","volume":"151","author":"Noble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.11.015","article-title":"Driver acceptance of partial automation after a brief exposure","volume":"68","author":"Reagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.09.010","article-title":"Disengagement from driving when using automation during a 4-week field trial","volume":"82","author":"Reagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14030328","article-title":"Evaluating the influence of alert modalities on driver attention transitions under visual distraction: A sequence analysis approach","volume":"14","author":"Shirani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, P. J., & Baumann, E. (2020, October). Human-automation teaming: Unintended consequences of automation on user performance. 2020 AIAA\/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) Proceedings, San Antonio, TX, USA, 1-9. doi:10.1109\/DASC50938.2020.9256418.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC50938.2020.9256418"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.08.013","article-title":"Exploring the usage of supervised driving automation in naturalistic conditions","volume":"90","author":"Stapel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0175","unstructured":"Tesla. (n.d.-b). Software updates. https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/support\/software-updates."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0180","unstructured":"Tesla. (2025, May). Customer privacy notice. https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/legal\/privacy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0170","unstructured":"Tesla (n.d.-a). AI & robotics. www.tesla.com\/AI."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021_b0185","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multimodal warning design for take-over request in conditionally automated driving","volume":"12","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Transport Research Review"}],"container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437526000964?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437526000964?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:22:53Z","timestamp":1789489373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022437526000964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0022437526000964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4375","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Driver behavior around driver readiness alerts versus attention reminders while using Tesla Autopilot","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Safety Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.05.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}