{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:04:33Z","timestamp":1789491873482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:05:33Z","timestamp":1785297933000},"page":"357-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pushing the button or pushing the gap? An analysis of pedestrian crossing behavior at pedestrian hybrid beacons"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5466-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina","family":"Caggiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4844-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9487-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolu","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0180-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Tainter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-4066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Knodler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abaza, O., Abu Sa\u2019a, Z. W. T. (2009). Modeling Pedestrian Behavior on Controlled Crosswalks. Presented at the 2009 IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference Fall.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2009.5378781"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2024.08.006","article-title":"Vehicle-pedestrian near miss analysis at signalized mid-block crossings","volume":"91","author":"Ahsan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0015","unstructured":"Arizona Department of Transportation. (2025). Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon. https:\/\/azdot.gov\/about\/transportation-safety\/pedestrian-hybrid-beacon. Accessed Sept. 30, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0020","series-title":"An evaluation of driver comprehension and behavior at pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB) intervals","author":"Caggiano","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981251351884","article-title":"Field study of driver behavior by interval at pedestrian hybrid beacons","author":"Caggiano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2024.11.001","article-title":"An evaluation of driver comprehension of the pedestrian hybrid beacon","volume":"92","author":"Caggiano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2020.06.001","article-title":"Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: A perspective under mixed traffic conditions","volume":"45","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IATSS Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.05.020","article-title":"Evaluating pedestrian behavior at crosswalks: validation of a pedestrian behavior questionnaire for the U.S. population","volume":"106","author":"Deb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0045","unstructured":"FHWA. (2023). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) for Streets and Highways."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0050","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, K., Ullman, B., and Trout, N. (2004). On-Street Pedestrian Surveys of Pedestrian Crossing Treatments. Presented at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3141\/2463-06","article-title":"Driver yielding at traffic control signals, pedestrian hybrid beacons, and rectangular rapid-flashing beacons in Texas","volume":"2463","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198120913558","article-title":"Analysis of pedestrian hybrid beacon operation on higher-speed roadways","volume":"2674","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0065","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, K., R. Avelar, M. Pratt, M. A. Brewer, J. Robertson, T. Lindheimer, J. (2016). Miles, and Texas Transportation Institute. Evaluation of Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons and Rapid Flashing Beacons. Publication FHWA-HRT-16-040."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0070","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, K., Cynecki, M., Pratt, M., Park, E. S., and Beckley, M. (2019). Evaluation of Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons on Arizona Highways. Publication SPR-756. Arizona Department of Transportation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2021.09.009","article-title":"Nighttime effectiveness of the pedestrian hybrid beacon, rectangular rapid flashing beacon, and LED-embedded crossing sign","volume":"79","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2021.04.001","article-title":"Investigation of crashes at pedestrian hybrid beacons: Results of a large-scale study in Arizona","volume":"78","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"2586","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3141\/2586-02","article-title":"Road user behaviors at pedestrian hybrid beacons","volume":"2586","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0090","series-title":"Improving pedestrian safety at unsignalized crossings","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D54","DOI":"10.26552\/com.C.2025.013","article-title":"Observational study of pedestrian behavior at signalized crosswalks","volume":"27","author":"Frej","year":"2025","journal-title":"Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0100","unstructured":"ITE Traffic Engineering Handbook, Digital Edition. ITE-A Community of Transportation Professionals. https:\/\/www.ite.org\/technical-resources\/ite-traffic-engineering-handbook\/. Accessed Nov. 13, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.104533","article-title":"Evaluating the influential factors for pushbutton utilization at signalized midblock crosswalks","volume":"122","author":"Kutela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0110","unstructured":"Lincoln, O., and Tremblay, J. P. (2014). Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon Crosswalk System (PHB) or High-Intensity Activated Crosswalk (HAWK)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0115","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2021). Comparing Demographic Trends in Vulnerable Road User Fatalities and the U.S. Population, 1980\u20132019. Publication DOT HS 813 178."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0120","first-page":"591","volume":"813","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0130","first-page":"590","volume":"813","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0125","first-page":"589","volume":"813","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106120","article-title":"Profiles of pedestrian risk behavior while crossing the street","volume":"163","author":"Osorio-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0140","unstructured":"PDDG Chapter 11 - Shared Use Paths | Mass.Gov. https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info-details\/pddg-chapter-11-shared-use-paths. Accessed Feb. 10, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.05.004","article-title":"Investigating the Effects of rectangular rapid flash beacons on pedestrian behavior and driver yielding on 25 Mph streets: A quasi-experimental field study on a university campus","volume":"42","author":"Porter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2013.857694","article-title":"Pedestrian and motorists\u2019 actions at pedestrian hybrid beacon sites: Findings from a pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Pulugurtha","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063503","article-title":"Modelling pedestrian travel time and the design of facilities: A queuing approach","volume":"8","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0160","unstructured":"Sa&#0039, Z. W. T. A., and a. (2007). Modeling Pedestrian Behavior on Pedestrian Crosswalks."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3141\/2393-16","article-title":"Effect of advance yield markings and symbolic signs on vehicle\u2013pedestrian conflicts: Field evaluation","volume":"2393","author":"Samuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2003.06.001","article-title":"Pedestrian behaviors at and perceptions towards various pedestrian facilities: An examination based on observation and survey data","volume":"6","author":"Sisiopiku","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2019.09.014","article-title":"Pedestrian crossing behavior at midblock crosswalks","volume":"71","author":"Tezcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105837","article-title":"Explaining unsafe pedestrian road crossing behaviours using a psychophysics-based gap acceptance model","volume":"154","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.11.021","article-title":"Observing the observation of (vulnerable) road user behaviour and traffic safety: A scoping review","volume":"123","author":"van Haperen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2016.1236069","article-title":"Traffic queuing at unsignalized crosswalks with probabilistic priority","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0195","article-title":"Investigating the impact of pedestrian hybrid beacons on the effectiveness of adaptive traffic control systems","volume":"151","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0200","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influential factors of pedestrian and bicycle crashes near pedestrian hybrid beacons: Observing trends through an applied analysis","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Safety & Security"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2025.07.011","article-title":"Investigating nighttime driver behaviors and interactions at pedestrian hybrid beacons","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Journal of Safety Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437526001325?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022437526001325?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:26:12Z","timestamp":1789489572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022437526001325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0022437526001325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4375","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pushing the button or pushing the gap? An analysis of pedestrian crossing behavior at pedestrian hybrid beacons","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Safety Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2026.07.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}