{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:49:44Z","timestamp":1791337784485,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofsurgicalresearch.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Surgical Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T15:59:34Z","timestamp":1783785574000},"page":"244-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Alternative Diagnostic Methods for Post-operative Lymphatic Fistula in Head and Neck Surgeries - A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"326","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"Shafaeipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9057-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Shahsavand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirmohsen","family":"Jalaeefar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Esmaeilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Moosaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shirkhoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32835e9d97","article-title":"Campisi C Evolution of chylous fistula management after neck dissection","volume":"21","author":"Campisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69062","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17297","article-title":"A review of the postoperative lymphatic leakage","volume":"8","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib3","series-title":"Management of Chylous Ascites: A Short Review. Multidisciplinary approach to surgical oncology patients","first-page":"227","author":"Ray","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.4.541","article-title":"Postoperative complications of thyroid cancer in a single center experience","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doab012","article-title":"Management of chyle leaks following esophageal resection: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Power","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815584917","article-title":"Novel management of intractable cervical chylous fistula with local application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa injection","volume":"153","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30627","article-title":"3rd postoperative chyle leak rate following neck dissection for squamous cell carcinoma versus Papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"133","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-021-02334-1","article-title":"An unusual complication of tumor surgery: chylous leakage","volume":"52","author":"Ardicli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib9","first-page":"88","article-title":"Management of chyle leak following head and neck surgery: review of Current treatment strategies and algorithmic approach to the treatment","volume":"61","author":"Leovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1000","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4822-7","article-title":"Chyle Fistula after neck dissection: an 8-Year, Single-Center, prospective Study of incidence, clinical features, and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121000888","article-title":"Early diagnosis of chyle fistula with SD LipidoCare after neck dissection","volume":"135","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2017.01.020","article-title":"Indocyanine green applications in plastic surgery: a review of the literature","volume":"70","author":"Burnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.06.004","article-title":"Modern management of chylous leak following head and neck surgery: a discussion of percutaneous lymphangiography-guided cannulation and embolization of the thoracic duct","volume":"41","author":"Scorza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps32222","article-title":"The lymphatic System: a sometimes-forgotten compartment in pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"24","author":"Yousef","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib15","article-title":"Two uncommon cases of chyle leakage after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cancer Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21956","article-title":"Abdominal compression: a new intraoperative maneuver to detect chyle fistulas during left neck dissections that include level IV","volume":"34","author":"Cernea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-022-01293-1","article-title":"Lymphatic interventions in the cancer patient","volume":"24","author":"Youssef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000578","article-title":"Back to the future: Lipiodol in lymphography-from diagnostics to theranostics","volume":"54","author":"Pieper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2017.22.Sup10.S16","article-title":"Cooper G how is lymphofluoroscopy mapping altering lymphoedema management?","volume":"22","author":"Wigg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Community Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2012.01.078","article-title":"Feasibility of ultrasound-guided intranodal lymphangiogram for thoracic duct embolization","volume":"23","author":"Nadolski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220831","article-title":"Lymphangiography and lymphatic embolisation for the treatment of chyle leaks after neck surgery: assessment of lymphangiography findings and embolisation techniques","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26646","article-title":"Intranodal lymphangiography with thoracic duct embolization for the treatment of chyle leaks after head and neck cancer surgery","volume":"43","author":"Ushinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-023-01014-0","article-title":"Lymphoscintigraphy findings in patients with chylothorax: influence of biochemical parameters","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3174\/ng.2000074","article-title":"Imaging of complications of head and neck cancer treatment","volume":"11","author":"Villarinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-017-1863-2","article-title":"Nadolski GJ modern techniques of lymphangiography and interventions: current status and future development","volume":"41","author":"Itkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8362874","article-title":"Management of chyle leak after head and neck surgery: review of Current treatment strategies","volume":"2017","author":"Delaney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.1227","article-title":"The role of SPECT\/CT lymphoscintigraphy and radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in managing papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"142","author":"Cabrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2021.07.012","article-title":"Photoacoustic lymphangiography exhibits advantages over near-infrared fluorescence lymphangiography as a diagnostic tool in patients with lymphedema","volume":"10","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphatic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020191710","article-title":"Subcutaneous lymphatic vessels in the lower extremities: comparison between photoacoustic lymphangiography and near-infrared fluorescence lymphangiography","volume":"295","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25575","article-title":"Photoacoustic lymphangiography","volume":"121","author":"Kajita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.01.006","article-title":"Real time indocyanin green near infrared lymphangiography for the reduction of drainage volume after neck dissection","volume":"78","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26087","article-title":"Current trends and emerging future of indocyanine green usage in surgery and oncology: a literature review","volume":"117","author":"Polom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib33","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography imaging during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: a novel system of tissue identification and differentiation to obviate tissue resection and frozen section","volume":"36","author":"Conti de Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head & neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25972","article-title":"Rapid head and neck tissue identification in thyroid and parathyroid surgery using optical coherence tomography","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head & Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E54","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24134","article-title":"Therapeutic role of ultrasound-guided intranodal lymphangiography in refractory cervical chylous leakage after neck dissection: report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-022-00270-4","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a new tool for imaging the superficial lymphatic vessels of the upper limb","volume":"6","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05223-4","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a comprehensive review of safety in children","volume":"51","author":"Ntoulia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-05929-y","article-title":"Chylous fistula: management of a rare complication following right anterior cervical spine approach","volume":"28","author":"Novegno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190183","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced US for the interventional radiologist: current and emerging applications","volume":"40","author":"Malone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2023.0658","article-title":"Thoracic duct embolization for treatment of chyle leakage after thyroidectomy and neck dissection","volume":"25","author":"Moon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020191593","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced interstitial transpedal MR lymphangiography for thoracic chylous effusions","volume":"295","author":"Pieper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2017.08.008","article-title":"Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in head and neck cancer","volume":"26","author":"Kabadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-06800-0","article-title":"The pharmacological and therapeutic versatility of Allium species: a comprehensive exploration of bioactive constituents and biological activities","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00476","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as potential prognostic markers of lymphatic dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Milasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.22218","article-title":"Visualizing the lymphatic vessels and flow with high-resolution ultrasonography and microvascular flow imaging","volume":"42","author":"Vullings","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-022-12552-7","article-title":"Imaging of the lymphatic vessels for surgical planning: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"van Heumen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08342-6","article-title":"Pragmatic role of noncontrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography in postoperative chylothorax or cervical chylous leakage as a diagnostic and preprocedural planning tool","volume":"32","author":"Hyun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2012.07.011","article-title":"Indocyanine green lymphography is superior to lymphoscintigraphy in imaging diagnosis of secondary lymphedema of the lower limbs","volume":"1","author":"Mihara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphatic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.08.013","article-title":"Proulx ST Imaging technology of the lymphatic system","volume":"170","author":"Polomska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-020-00146-x","article-title":"The roles of iodized oil-based lymphangiography and post-lymphangiographic computed tomography for specific lymphatic intervention planning in patients with postoperative lymphatic fistula: a literature review and case series","volume":"3","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"CVIR Endovasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib51","series-title":"Early Detection and Treatment of Head & Neck Cancers: practical Applications and Techniques for Detection","first-page":"63","article-title":"Nanotechnology for diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of head and neck cancer","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030815","article-title":"Hayashi A Bedside 3D visualization of lymphatic vessels with a handheld multispectral optoacoustic tomography device","volume":"9","author":"Giacalone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Surgical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022480426004257?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022480426004257?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:49:43Z","timestamp":1791334183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022480426004257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0022480426004257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4804"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4804","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alternative Diagnostic Methods for Post-operative Lymphatic Fistula in Head and Neck Surgeries - A Narrative Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Surgical Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2026.06.045","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}