{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:31:58Z","timestamp":1774945918646,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007338","name":"Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011912","name":"School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32CA009621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA009621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Surgical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T19:50:22Z","timestamp":1756756222000},"page":"103678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating a Health Equity Curriculum for General Surgery Residents: A Mixed-Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9805-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariana","family":"Naaseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4099-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany K.","family":"Brocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluseye K.","family":"Oduyale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-9521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine E.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaleen V.","family":"Sathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7402-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika A.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-7913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0001","first-page":"625","article-title":"Health equity is not possible without addressing disparities","volume":"42","author":"Webb Hooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111326","article-title":"Defining health equity: a modern US perspective","volume":"27","author":"Prentice","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002054","article-title":"Integrating social determinants of health into graduate medical education: a call for action","volume":"93","author":"Siegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005858","article-title":"Surgical care for racial and ethnic minorities and interventions to address inequities: a narrative review","volume":"278","author":"Bonner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12117","article-title":"Prioritizing health disparities in medical education to improve care","volume":"1287","author":"Awosogba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.951353","article-title":"Responding to a call to action for health equity curriculum development in pediatric graduate medical education: design, implementation and early results of Leaders in Health Equity (LHE)","volume":"10","author":"Hernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12757","article-title":"Assessment of training in health disparities in US internal medicine residency programs","volume":"3","author":"Dupras","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2919","article-title":"The current State of antiracism curricula in undergraduate and graduate medical education: a qualitative study of US academic health centers","volume":"21","author":"Fatahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201402-068PS","article-title":"The role that graduate medical education must play in ensuring health equity and eliminating health care disparities","volume":"11","author":"Maldonado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-21-00414.1","article-title":"Cultural competency curricula in US graduate medical education: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Atkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0011","series-title":"Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","article-title":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on understanding and eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health care","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0012","unstructured":"Radley DC, Shah A, Collins SR, Powe NR, Zephyrin LC. Advancing racial equity in U.S. Health care. doi:10.26099\/vw02-fa96."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0013","unstructured":"2023 National Healthcare quality and disparities report. Accessed April 7, 2025. https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/research\/findings\/nhqrdr\/nhqdr23\/index.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000041","article-title":"Healthcare disparity education for surgical residents: progress made, more needed","volume":"234","author":"Kratzke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006408","article-title":"A randomized crossover trial evaluating the impact of cultural dexterity training on surgical residents\u2019 Knowledge, cross-cultural care, skills, and beliefs: the provider awareness and cultural dexterity training for surgeons (PACTS) trial","volume":"280","author":"Smink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0016","series-title":"Curriculum Development for Medical Education: a Six-Step Approach","author":"Thomas","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2023.2174419","article-title":"A critical review of cultural competence frameworks and models in medical and health professional education: a meta-ethnographic synthesis: BEME Guide No. 79","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0018","series-title":"A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01270-6","article-title":"Some learning theories for medical educators","volume":"31","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004219","article-title":"Cultural complications: a novel strategy to build a more inclusive culture","volume":"273","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.09.002","article-title":"Cultural complications: why, how, and lessons learned","volume":"221","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-021-10274-w","article-title":"Cultural complications curriculum: applicability to surgical oncology programs and practices","volume":"28","author":"Baskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002593","article-title":"Expert consensus on inclusion of the social determinants of health in undergraduate medical education curricula","volume":"94","author":"Mangold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0024","first-page":"796","article-title":"Development of a multifaceted health disparities curriculum for medical residents","volume":"49","author":"Noriea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0026","series-title":"Evaluating Training Program\u2014The Four Levels","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1994"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1529-0","article-title":"Does cultural competency training of health professionals improve patient outcomes? A systematic review and proposed algorithm for future research","volume":"26","author":"Lie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000156861.58905.96","article-title":"Cultural Competency: a systematic review of health care provider educational interventions","volume":"43","author":"Beach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181a42398","article-title":"Beyond cultural competence: critical consciousness, social justice, and multicultural education","volume":"84","author":"Kumagai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0030","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Patient centeredness, cultural competence and healthcare quality","volume":"100","author":"Saha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328015tlm1801_4","article-title":"Teaching cultural competency through narrative medicine: intersections of classroom and community","volume":"18","author":"DasGupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0501-0","article-title":"Can compassion be taught? Let\u2019s ask our students","volume":"23","author":"Wear","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0033","first-page":"126","article-title":"Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality","volume":"103","author":"Metzl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2012.712625","article-title":"What do health literacy and cultural competence have in common? Calling for a collaborative pedagogy","volume":"17","author":"Lie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-9-200711060-00010","article-title":"Recommendations for teaching about racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care","volume":"147","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0007","article-title":"Measuring organizational cultural competence to promote diversity in academic healthcare organizations","volume":"2","author":"Aysola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002021","article-title":"Integrating training in quality improvement and health equity in graduate medical education: two curricula for the price of one","volume":"93","author":"Aysola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2018.01.016","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of a cultural dexterity program for surgeons: feasible, impactful, and necessary","volume":"75","author":"Udyavar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0233","article-title":"Cultural humility versus cultural competence: a critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education","volume":"9","author":"Tervalon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12650","article-title":"Can US medical schools teach about structural racism?","volume":"101","author":"Schlaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0041","unstructured":"Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Common program requirements - residency.https:\/\/www.acgme.org\/programs-and-institutions\/programs\/common-program-requirements\/. Accessed February 15, 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ACM.0000222277.21200.a1","article-title":"Making fun of patients: medical students\u2019 perceptions and use of derogatory and cynical humor in clinical settings","volume":"81","author":"Wear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1715127","article-title":"To care is human: collectively confronting the clinician-burnout crisis","volume":"378","author":"Dzau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659615592677","article-title":"Cultural humility: a concept analysis","volume":"27","author":"Foronda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Transcult Nurs Off J Transcult Nurs Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.11.013","article-title":"Medical student socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes toward patient centered care: do race, socioeconomic status and gender matter? A report from the Medical Student CHANGES study","volume":"98","author":"Hardeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056840","article-title":"Developing a communication-skills training curriculum for resident-physicians to enhance patient outcomes at an academic medical centre: an ongoing mixed-methods study protocol","volume":"12","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2018.08.021","article-title":"Communicating with diverse patients: how patient and clinician factors affect disparities","volume":"101","author":"P\u00e9rez-Stable","year":"2018","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001416","article-title":"Breaking the silence: time to talk about race and racism","volume":"92","author":"Acosta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06276-3","article-title":"Understanding faculty perspectives on health equity curriculum implementation in graduate medical education: a qualitative study","volume":"24","author":"Foster","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-21-00235.1","article-title":"Outcomes from a novel graduate medical education leadership program in advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion","volume":"13","author":"Powell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Surgical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931720425002594?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931720425002594?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:19:51Z","timestamp":1774941591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1931720425002594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1931720425002594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-7204"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-7204","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Integrating a Health Equity Curriculum for General Surgery Residents: A Mixed-Methods Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Surgical Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2025.103678","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association of Program Directors in Surgery.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103678"}}