{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:08:15Z","timestamp":1789056495883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Surgical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T07:01:42Z","timestamp":1785826902000},"page":"104078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Objective Measurement of the Learning Curve in Live Laparoscopic Surgery: A Scoping Review of Methods"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7490-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafid M.T.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0291-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Alyacoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5310-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Leff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3725-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Mylonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Darzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.799442","article-title":"The development of laparoscopy-a historical overview","volume":"8","author":"Alkatout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199612000-00023","article-title":"Validation of an objective structured assessment of technical skill for surgical residents","volume":"71","author":"Faulkner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0003","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00566-0","article-title":"Machine learning for technical skill assessment in surgery: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj Digit Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2015.11.009","article-title":"Task-level vs. Segment-level quantitative metrics for surgical skill assessment","volume":"73","author":"Vedula","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13187","article-title":"Validation and verification of three-dimensional systems in laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy","volume":"39","author":"Jun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181af2a74","article-title":"A multiinstitutional experience with robotic-assisted hysterectomy with staging for endometrial cancer","volume":"114","author":"Lowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0142-3","article-title":"Learning curve of laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer, a laparoscopic distal gastrectomy-based analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.12.025","article-title":"Learning curve evaluation using cumulative summation analysis \u2013 a clinical example of pediatric robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty","volume":"50","author":"Cundy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005138","article-title":"The single surgeon learning curve of laparoscopic liver resection: a continuous evolving process through stepwise difficulties","volume":"95","author":"Tomassini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003583","article-title":"Comprehensive learning curve of robotic surgery: discovery from a multicenter prospective trial of robotic gastrectomy","volume":"273","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.09.024","article-title":"Bowel resection performed by gynecologists - outcomes and learning curves. Activity profile in a gynecology department: 7-year observational cohort","volume":"267","author":"Vermel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2014.08.029","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative analysis of performance during advanced laparoscopic fellowship: a curriculum based on structured assessment and feedback","volume":"209","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3324-6","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical fellows\u2019 laparoscopic performance using Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic skills (GOALS)","volume":"28","author":"Hogle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31827051cd","article-title":"Validation of a structured training and assessment curriculum for technical skill acquisition in minimally invasive surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"257","author":"Palter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2023.05.010","article-title":"Learning curve of optical trocar access during laparoscopic pelvic surgery: a prospective study","volume":"47","author":"Gaia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2004.06.043","article-title":"Is the learning curve for laparoscopic fundoplication determined by the teacher or the pupil?","volume":"189","author":"Ahlberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2425","article-title":"Analysis by categorizing or dichotomizing continuous variables is inadvisable: an example from the natural history of unruptured aneurysms","volume":"32","author":"Naggara","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2022.00076","article-title":"Association between surgical technical skills and clinical outcomes: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Woods","year":"2023","journal-title":"JSLS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331220984350","article-title":"Multimodal data fusion framework enhanced robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery","volume":"44","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans Inst Meas Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0021","first-page":"178","article-title":"MUTUAL: towards holistic sensing and inference in the operating room","author":"Quarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Image Comput Comput-Assist Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0022","unstructured":"Jin K, Rubio-Solis A, Naik R, et al. Identification of cognitive workload during surgical tasks with multimodal deep learning [Internet]. : http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2209.06208 doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2209.06208"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.18053\/jctres.08.202206.017","article-title":"Core training and surgical opportunities: a UK-based analysis","volume":"8","author":"Gatta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2021.09.017","article-title":"General surgical resident operative autonomy vs patient outcomes: are we compromising training without net benefit to hospitals or patients?","volume":"78","author":"Kunac","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2024.12.010","article-title":"How do we measure our competence: objective measures of assessing surgical training","volume":"41","author":"Torres-Guzman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0026","first-page":"101","article-title":"Structure and quality assurance of Fellowship Training in General Surgery: consensus recommendations from the Association of Surgeons in Training","volume":"67","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Surg Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-10-9","article-title":"The challenges faced in the design, conduct and analysis of surgical randomised controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trials"}],"container-title":["Journal of Surgical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931720426002114?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1931720426002114?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:36:53Z","timestamp":1789054613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1931720426002114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1931720426002114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-7204"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-7204","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Objective Measurement of the Learning Curve in Live Laparoscopic Surgery: A Scoping Review of Methods","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Surgical Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104078","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association of Program Directors in Surgery.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104078"}}