{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:54:09Z","timestamp":1792022049283,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006388","name":"Geneva University Hospitals","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Female genital mutilation (FGM), the partial or total removal of the external genitalia for non-medical reasons, can affect female sexuality. However, only few studies are available, and these have significant methodologic limitations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To understand the impact of FGM on the anatomy of the clitoris and bulbs using magnetic resonance imaging and on sexuality using psychometric instruments and to study whether differences in anatomy after FGM correlate with differences in sexual function, desire, and body image.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study on sexual function and sexual anatomy was performed in women with and without FGM. Fifteen women with FGM involving cutting of the clitoris and 15 uncut women as a control group matched by age and parity were prospectively recruited. Participants underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging with vaginal opacification by ultrasound gel and completed validated questionnaires on desire (Sexual Desire Inventory), body image (Questionnaire d'Image Corporelle [Body Image Satisfaction Scale]), and sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary outcomes were clitoral and bulbar measurements on magnetic resonance images. Secondary outcomes were sexual function, desire, and body image scores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women with FGM did not have significantly decreased clitoral glans width and body length but did have significantly smaller volume of the clitoris plus bulbs. They scored significantly lower on sexual function and desire than women without FGM. They did not score lower on Female Sexual Function Index sub-scores for orgasm, desire, and satisfaction and on the Questionnaire d'Image Corporelle but did report significantly more dyspareunia. A larger total volume of clitoris and bulbs did not correlate with higher Female Sexual Function Index and Sexual Desire Inventory scores in women with FGM compared with uncut women who had larger total volume that correlated with higher scores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women with FGM have sexual erectile tissues for sexual arousal, orgasm, and pleasure. Women with sexual dysfunction should be appropriately counseled and treated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]],"date-time":"2016-01-27T16:01:46Z","timestamp":1453910506000},"page":"226-237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Sexual Anatomy and Function in Women with and Without Genital Mutilation: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Abdulcadir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Geneva \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diomidis","family":"Botsikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Radiology \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Imaging \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myl\u00e8ne","family":"Bolmont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Geneva \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Bilancioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahila Amal","family":"Djema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Imaging \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bianchi Demicheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Yaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Petignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals \u00a0 , Geneva, , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602183335900_bib1","volume-title":"Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement. 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