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All studies were grouped based on the case definition applied to the numerator. Summary estimates were derived using a random-effects model for total prevalence of transgender and for male-to-female and female-to-male subgroups. Overall and stratum-specific meta-prevalence estimates (mPs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were accompanied by tests for heterogeneity and meta-regressions to assess sources of heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main outcome measure was population prevalence of transgender. Secondary outcomes included gender-specific prevalence estimates for male-to-female and female to male subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review. Of those, 27 studies provided necessary data for a meta-analysis. Overall mP estimates per 100,000 population were 9.2 (95% CI = 4.9\u201313.6) for surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy and 6.8 (95% CI = 4.6\u20139.1) for transgender-related diagnoses. Of studies assessing self-reported transgender identity, the mP was 871 (95% CI = 519\u20131,224); however, this result was influenced by a single outlier study. After removal of that study, the mP changed to 355 (95% CI = 144\u2013566). Significant heterogeneity was observed in most analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The empirical literature on the prevalence of transgender highlights the importance of adhering to specific case definitions because the results can range by orders of magnitude. Standardized and routine collection of data on transgender status and gender identity is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.02.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,25]],"date-time":"2016-03-25T05:16:11Z","timestamp":1458882971000},"page":"613-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":271,"title":["Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the \u201cCase\u201d Definition: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Collin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health \u00a0 , Atlanta, GA , USA"},{"name":"Emory University \u00a0 , Atlanta, GA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari L.","family":"Reisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fenway Institute \u00a0 , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Fenway Health \u00a0 , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology \u00a0 , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health \u00a0 , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin","family":"Tangpricha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine \u00a0 , Atlanta, GA , USA"},{"name":"Emory University \u00a0 , Atlanta, GA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health \u00a0 , Atlanta, GA , USA"},{"name":"Emory University \u00a0 , Atlanta, GA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib1","volume-title":"The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: building a foundation for better understanding","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2013.0001","article-title":"Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in clinical settings and in electronic health records: a key to ending LGBT health disparities","volume":"1","author":"Cahill","year":"2014","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0073","article-title":"The time is now: attention increases to transgender health in the united states but scientific knowledge gaps remain","volume":"2","author":"MacCarthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.6.869","article-title":"Enhancing transgender health care","volume":"91","author":"Lombardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2009.00866.x","article-title":"The health, social care and housing needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older people: a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Addis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2011.700873","article-title":"Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7","volume":"13","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Transgend"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1215\/23289252-2848877","article-title":"\u201cCounting\u201d transgender and gender-nonconforming adults in health research recommendations from the Gender Identity in US Surveillance Group","volume":"2","author":"Reisner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transgender Stud Q"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/15532730902799946","article-title":"Epidemiology of gender identity disorder: recommendations for the standards of care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health","volume":"11","author":"Zucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Transgend"},{"key":"2024032602335654900_bib9","first-page":"289","volume-title":"The demographics of the transgender population. 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