{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:07:34Z","timestamp":1787170054518,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies have suggested that, in contrast to traditional psychopathologic explanations, bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadomasochism (BDSM) could be understood as recreational leisure. However, the theoretical framing of BDSM as potential leisure has not been empirically explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct an initial empirical exploration to determine whether BDSM experience fits established characteristics of recreational leisure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A convenience sample of BDSM participants (N = 935) completed an online survey (9 demographic questions and 17 leisure questions) that assessed BDSM experience according to important attributes of leisure. Responses also were assessed and statistically compared as being primarily casual or serious leisure according to general BDSM identities (ie, dominants vs submissives vs switches).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BDSM experiences were assessed as a form of potential leisure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most BDSM experiences met leisure criteria. Participants reported that \u201cmost of the time or nearly always\u201d BDSM was associated with a sense of personal freedom (89.7% of participants), pleasure or enjoyment (98.5%), sense of adventure (90.7%), use of personal skills (90.8%), relaxation or decreased stress (91.4%), self-expression or exploration (90.6%), and positive emotions (96.6%). BDSM seemed to function as primarily serious, rather than casual, leisure, but important statistical differences were observed based on specific BDSM identities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A leisure science perspective could be valuable to researchers and clinicians in reinterpreting the wide range of diverse BDSM motivations and practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]],"date-time":"2016-05-24T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1464089771000},"page":"1091-1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Is Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, and Sadomasochism Recreational Leisure? A Descriptive Exploratory Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"DJ.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Positive Sexuality , Burbank, CA , USA"},{"name":"Idaho State University , Pocatello, ID , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Prior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Positive Sexuality , Burbank, CA , USA"},{"name":"College of the Canyons , Santa Clarita, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thea","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of the Canyons , Santa Clarita, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy N.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Positive Sexuality , Burbank, CA , USA"},{"name":"Idaho State University , Pocatello, ID , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Candace","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Positive Sexuality , Burbank, CA , USA"},{"name":"University of Texas\u2013San Antonio , San Antonio, TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2011.573391","article-title":"A descriptive review of research relating to sadomasochism: Considerations for clinical practice","volume":"33","author":"Powls","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deviant Behav"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Social work, BDSM, and vampires: Toward empowering people with non-traditional identities","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can Soc Work"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v50n02_02","article-title":"Sadomasochism and the social sciences","volume":"50","author":"Weinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/136346001004003002","article-title":"Making sense of S&M: A discourse analytic account","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3138\/cjhs.2467","article-title":"Perks, problems, and the people who play: A qualitative exploration of dominant and submissive BDSM roles","volume":"24","author":"Hebert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Human Sex"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460714550907","article-title":"Ace of (BDSM) clubs: Building asexual relationships through BDSM practice","volume":"18","author":"Sloan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118896877.wbiehs043","article-title":"BDSM (bondage, discipline, domination, submission, sadomasochism)","volume-title":"International encyclopedia of human sexuality","author":"Weiss","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12192","article-title":"Psychological characteristics of BDSM practitioners","volume":"10","author":"Wismeijer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400802686110","article-title":"Deviant leisure: Rethinking \u201cthe good, the bad, and the ugly\u201d","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leis Sci"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11133-010-9158-9","article-title":"Rethinking kink: Sadomasochism as serious leisure","volume":"33","author":"Newmahr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Sociol"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib11","volume-title":"A social psychology of leisure","author":"Kleiber","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024032602342938000_bib12","volume-title":"New directions in the theory and research of serious leisure. 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