{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:29:28Z","timestamp":1783128568896,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]],"date-time":"2018-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]],"date-time":"2018-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Female genital mutilation type III (infibulation) is achieved by narrowing the vaginal orifice by creating a covering seal, accomplished by cutting and appositioning the labia minora and\/or labia majora, with or without clitoral excision. Infibulation is responsible for significant urogynecological, obstetrical, and psychosexual consequences that can be treated with defibulation (or de-infibulation), an operation that opens the infibulation scar, exposing the vulvar vestibule, vaginal orifice, external urethral meatus, and eventually the clitoris. This article provides a practical comprehensive, up-to-date visual learning tool on defibulation, with information on pre-operative, post-operative, and follow-up information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.01.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]],"date-time":"2018-02-17T13:33:13Z","timestamp":1518874393000},"page":"601-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Defibulation: A Visual Reference and Learning Tool"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Abdulcadir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Geneva , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Marras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Referral Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Female Genital Mutilation , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"Health Promotion of Immigrant Women , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Integrated Activity , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"University of Florence , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"Viale della Maternit\u00e0 , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abdulcadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Referral Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Female Genital Mutilation , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"Health Promotion of Immigrant Women , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Integrated Activity , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"University of Florence , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"},{"name":"Viale della Maternit\u00e0 , Florence, \u00a0 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Petignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, \u00a0 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib1","article-title":"WHO guidelines on management of health complications from female genital mutilation","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib2","article-title":"Female genital mutilation\/cutting: a global concern","author":"UNICEF"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001686","article-title":"Female genital mutilation: a visual reference and learning tool for health care professionals","volume":"128","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000224613.72892.77","article-title":"Defibulation to treat female genital cutting: effect on symptoms and sexual function","volume":"108","author":"Nour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib5","first-page":"226","article-title":"Sexual anatomy and function in women with and without genital mutilation: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib6","article-title":"Female genital mutilation\/cutting: a statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change","author":"UNICEF","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib7","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effects of female genital cutting on physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542859","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/542859","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the obstetric consequences of female genital mutilation\/cutting","volume":"2014","author":"Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib9","first-page":"1544","article-title":"Surgical techniques: defibulation of type III female genital cutting","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2299-0","article-title":"Female genital mutilation reversal: a general approach","volume":"25","author":"Anand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib11","article-title":"Female genital mutilation: integrating the prevention and the management of the health complications into the curricula of nursing and midwifery","author":"WHO","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14839","article-title":"The effectiveness of surgical interventions for women with FGM\/C: a systematic review","volume":"125","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib13","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Overactive bladder after female genital mutilation\/cutting (FGM\/C) type III","volume":"4","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib14","first-page":"w13137","article-title":"Care of women with female genital mutilation\/cutting","volume":"140","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2016.03.027","article-title":"Health education and clinical care of immigrant women with female genital mutilation\/cutting who request postpartum reinfibulation","volume":"135","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib16","first-page":"13","article-title":"Psychological, social and sexual consequences of female genital mutilation\/cutting (FGM\/C): a systematic review of quantitative studies","author":"Berg","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2015.01.008","article-title":"Benefits of multidisciplinary care for excised women","volume":"44","author":"Antonetti Ndiaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris)"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001835","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder relapse following clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation: a case report","volume":"129","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib19","article-title":"Female genital mutilation and its management. Green-top guideline no. 53","author":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib20","first-page":"1666","article-title":"Pleasure and orgasm in women with female genital mutilation\/cutting (FGM\/C)","volume":"4","author":"Catania","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0287-4","article-title":"Virility, pleasure and female genital mutilation\/cutting. A qualitative study of perceptions and experiences of medicalized defibulation among Somali and Sudanese migrants in Norway","volume":"14","author":"Johansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1239838","article-title":"Undoing female genital cutting: perceptions and experiences of infibulation, defibulation and virginity among Somali and Sudanese migrants in Norway","volume":"19","author":"Johansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2023012309243450800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12055","article-title":"Antepartum or intrapartum deinfibulation for childbirth in women with type III female genital mutilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Esu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13217","article-title":"Research gaps in the care of women with female genital mutilation: an analysis","volume":"3","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib25","first-page":"72","article-title":"Deinfibulazione terapeutica. Therapeutic defibulation. The gynecologist","volume":"1","author":"Abdulcadir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Obstetr Gyn"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12234","article-title":"Clinical indications for cesarean delivery among women living with female genital mutilation","volume":"139","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2015.1044083","article-title":"Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: a report of two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Mistry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.01.001","article-title":"The issue of reinfibulation","volume":"109","author":"Serour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2023012309243450800_bib29","article-title":"Deinfibulation 2017","author":"Limbs and Things"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Sexual Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609518300456?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609518300456?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/15\/4\/601\/48602539\/jsm_15_4_601.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/15\/4\/601\/48602539\/jsm_15_4_601.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T09:46:39Z","timestamp":1674467199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article\/15\/4\/601\/6980293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.01.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-6109","1743-6095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-6109","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1743-6095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Defibulation: A Visual Reference and Learning Tool","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Sexual Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.01.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}