{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:20:17Z","timestamp":1789039217149,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bicycle Reac Grant, Alafi Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bicycle riding has become an increasingly popular mode of transportation and exercise, especially among women, and previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between cycling and sexual dysfunction, albeit using non-validated questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to explore the relationship between cycling and sexual and urinary dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cyclists were recruited to complete a survey through Facebook advertisements and outreach to sporting clubs across 5 English-speaking countries. Swimmers and runners were recruited as a comparison group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were queried using validated questionnaires, including the Female Sexual Function Index, the American Urological Association Symptom Index, and non-validated questions about history of urinary tract infections (UTIs), genital numbness, and genital saddle sores (all self-reported).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>3,118 (53.3%) Women completed the survey, comprising 1,053 (34%) non-cyclists, 1,656 (53%) low-intensity cyclists, and 409 (13%) high-intensity cyclists. After adjusting for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, tobacco use, race, marital status, urinary symptoms, and sexual activity, high-intensity cyclists had lower odds of self-reported sexual dysfunction compared to non-cyclists (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.7, P\u00a0= .02). There were no statistically significant differences in urinary symptoms across groups. Compared to non-cyclists, both low- and high-intensity cyclists had higher odds of reporting a previous UTI (aOR 1.4, P &amp;lt; .001, and aOR 1.4, P\u00a0= .009, respectively), genital numbness (odds\u00a0ratio [OR] 6.5, P &amp;lt; .001, and OR 9.1, P &amp;lt; .001, respectively), and saddle sores (OR 6.3, P &amp;lt; .001, and OR 22.7, P &amp;lt; .001, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Translation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women cyclists were more likely to report other genitourinary conditions, including UTIs, genital numbness, and saddle sores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is the largest study comparing cyclists to other athletes with respect to sexual and urinary function. The study is limited by its cross-sectional design and sampling methods. We found that women cyclists were no more likely to report sexual dysfunction or urinary symptoms than swimmers or runners.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]],"date-time":"2018-03-16T15:05:14Z","timestamp":1521212714000},"page":"510-518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cycling and Female Sexual and Urinary Function: Results From a Large, Multinational, Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Gaither","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohannad A.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery , Rabigh, \u00a0 Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz University , Rabigh, \u00a0 Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , St Louis, MO , USA"},{"name":"Washington University , St Louis, MO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Metzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch , Bethesda, MD , USA"},{"name":"National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , Stanford, CA , USA"},{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences , St Louis, MO , USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery , St Louis, MO , USA"},{"name":"Washington University , St Louis, MO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Charles","family":"Osterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery , Austin, TX , USA"},{"name":"University of Texas , Austin, TX , USA"},{"name":"Dell Medical School , Austin, TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Breyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib1","first-page":"2039","article-title":"Les Lanternes Rouges: the race for information about cycling-related female sexual dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Partin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib2","article-title":"Fewer men, more women riding?","author":"League"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01299.x","article-title":"Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Oja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8295","article-title":"Bicycle trauma injuries and hospital admissions in the United States, 1998\u20132013","volume":"314","author":"Sanford","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/smrj.32","article-title":"Cycling-related sexual dysfunction in men and women: a review","volume":"2","author":"Baran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.10.024","article-title":"The vicious cycling: bicycling related urogenital disorders","volume":"47","author":"Leibovitch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib7","first-page":"3144","article-title":"Women's bike seats: a pressing matter for competitive female cyclists","volume":"8","author":"Guess","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7356.138","article-title":"Bicyclist's vulva: observational study. Commentary: attitudes to women's bicycling have changed","volume":"325","author":"Baeyens","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib9","first-page":"269","article-title":"Sexual and urinary tract dysfunction in female bicyclists","volume":"161","author":"LaSalle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib10","first-page":"30","article-title":"Sexual and urinary tract dysfunctions in bicyclists","volume":"159","author":"Salimpour","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3182779193","article-title":"Bone health in endurance athletes: runners, cyclists, and swimmers","volume":"11","author":"Scofield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612442904","article-title":"A\u00a0review of Facebook research in the social sciences","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033697","article-title":"Web intervention for OEF\/OIF Veterans with problem drinking and PTSD symptoms: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"81","author":"Brief","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib14","first-page":"1710","article-title":"HIV status is an independent risk factor for reporting lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"185","author":"Breyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1818-8","article-title":"International Prostate Symptom Score for assessing lower urinary tract dysfunction in women","volume":"24","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230590475206","article-title":"The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores","volume":"31","author":"Wiegel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2017.07.001","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and associated female sexual dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Duralde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230701267852","article-title":"The Female Sexual Function Index: a methodological critique and suggestions for improvement","volume":"33","author":"Meyer-Bahlburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib19","first-page":"40","article-title":"Urogenital and sexual complaints in female club cyclists\u2014a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Hermans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib20","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Genital sensation and sexual function in women bicyclists and runners: are your feet safer than your seat?","volume":"3","author":"Guess","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib21","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk and female sexuality: focus on clitoral vascular resistance","volume":"13","author":"Maseroli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib22","first-page":"1857","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of vibrator use by women in the United States: results from a nationally representative study","volume":"6","author":"Herbenick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib23","first-page":"927","article-title":"Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity testing in bicycling patrol officers","volume":"23","author":"Schrader","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2803-9","article-title":"Pelvic floor symptoms in female cyclists and possible remedies: a narrative review","volume":"27","author":"Trofaier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000128248.40501.73","article-title":"Effect of bicycle saddle designs on the pressure to the perineum of the bicyclist","volume":"36","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000027","article-title":"Unilateral vulval swelling in cyclists: a report of 8 cases","volume":"18","author":"Coutant-Foulc","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.12.006","article-title":"Assessment of vulvar discomfort with sexual activity among women in the United States","volume":"216","author":"Flynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.10.001","article-title":"A\u00a0field-based approach for examining bicycle seat design effects on seat pressure and perceived stability","volume":"40","author":"Bressel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16248","article-title":"Impotence and genital numbness in cyclists","volume":"22","author":"Sommer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023012309245216000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00104.x","article-title":"Impotence and nerve entrapment in long distance amateur cyclists","volume":"95","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Sexual Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174360951830119X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174360951830119X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/15\/4\/510\/48602725\/jsm_15_4_510.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/15\/4\/510\/48602725\/jsm_15_4_510.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T09:47:15Z","timestamp":1674467235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article\/15\/4\/510\/6980330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-6109","1743-6095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-6109","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1743-6095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cycling and Female Sexual and Urinary Function: Results From a Large, Multinational, Cross-Sectional Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Sexual Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}