{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:00:41Z","timestamp":1790096441659,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":921,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431 B 019\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431 B 019\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-094919-B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-094919-B-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU 15\/02558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU 15\/02558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-094919-B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-094919-B-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Brain sexual differentiation is a process that results from the effects of sex steroids on the developing brain. Evidence shows that epigenetics plays a main role in the formation of enduring brain sex differences and that the estrogen receptor \u03b1 (ESR1) is one of the implicated genes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To analyze whether the methylation of region III (RIII) of the ESR1 promoter is involved in the biological basis of gender dysphoria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We carried out a prospective study of the CpG methylation profile of RIII (\u22121,188 to \u2212790 bp) of the ESR1 promoter using bisulfite genomic sequencing in a cisgender population (10 men and 10 women) and in a transgender population (10 trans men and 10 trans women), before and after 6 months of gender-affirming hormone treatment. Cisgender and transgender populations were matched by geographical origin, age, and sex. DNAs were treated with bisulfite, amplified, cloned, and sequenced. At least 10 clones per individual from independent polymerase chain reactions were sequenced. The analysis of 671 bisulfite sequences was carried out with the QUMA (QUantification tool for Methylation Analysis) program.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main outcome of this study was RIII analysis using bisulfite genomic sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found sex differences in RIII methylation profiles in cisgender and transgender populations. Cismen showed a higher methylation degree than ciswomen at CpG sites 297, 306, 509, and at the total fragment (P \u2264 .003, P \u2264 .026, P \u2264 .001, P \u2264 .006). Transmen showed a lower methylation level than trans women at sites 306, 372, and at the total fragment (P \u2264 .0001, P \u2264 .018, P \u2264 .0107). Before the hormone treatment, transmen showed the lowest methylation level with respect to cisgender and transgender populations, whereas transwomen reached an intermediate methylation level between both the cisgender groups. After the hormone treatment, transmen showed a statistically significant methylation increase, whereas transwomen showed a non-significant methylation decrease. After the hormone treatment, the RIII methylation differences between transmen and transwomen disappeared, and both transgender groups reached an intermediate methylation level between both the cisgender groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical implications in the hormonal treatment of trans people.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Strengths &amp; Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increasing the number of regions analyzed in the ESR1 promoter and increasing the number of tissues analyzed would provide a better understanding of the variation in the methylation pattern.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our data showed sex differences in RIII methylation patterns in cisgender and transgender populations before the hormone treatment. Furthermore, before the hormone treatment, transwomen and transmen showed a characteristic methylation profile, different from both the cisgender groups. But the hormonal treatment modified RIII methylation in trans populations, which are now more similar to their gender. Therefore, our results suggest that the methylation of RIII could be involved in gender dysphoria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.05.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T11:39:20Z","timestamp":1593862760000},"page":"1795-1806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Modifies the CpG Methylation Pattern of the ESR1 Gene Promoter After Six Months of Treatment in Transmen"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Campus de Elvi\u00f1a , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"CHUAC , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"SERGAS , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Campus de Elvi\u00f1a , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"CHUAC , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"SERGAS , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"G\u00f3mez-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Identidad de G\u00e9nero , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"I.D.I.B.A.P.S. , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joselyn","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Campus de Elvi\u00f1a , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"CHUAC , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"SERGAS , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique Delgado","family":"Zayas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Campus de Elvi\u00f1a , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"CHUAC , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"SERGAS , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Esteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n , M\u00e1laga , Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Identidad de G\u00e9nero del Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga , M\u00e1laga , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari Cruz","family":"Almaraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n , M\u00e1laga , Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Identidad de G\u00e9nero del Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga , M\u00e1laga , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Guillamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"P\u00e1saro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Campus de Elvi\u00f1a , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de A Coru\u00f1a (INIBIC) , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"CHUAC , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"},{"name":"SERGAS , A Coru\u00f1a , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1124\/mi.3.5.281","article-title":"Estrogen signaling: a subtle balance between ER alpha and ER beta","volume":"3","author":"Matthews","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Interv"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01452-3","article-title":"Sex with knockout models: behavioral studies of estrogen receptor alpha","volume":"835","author":"Rissman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14737","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250473597","article-title":"Abolition of male sexual behaviors in mice lacking estrogen receptors \u03b1 and \u03b2 (\u03b1\u03b2ERKO)","volume":"97","author":"Ogawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305303101","article-title":"Brain masculinization requires androgen receptor function","volume":"101","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409340924","article-title":"The two faces of estradiol: effects on the developing brain","volume":"15","author":"McCarthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1998.0171","article-title":"Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate brain: principles and mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Cooke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.07.008","article-title":"Visualizing sexual dimorphism in the brain","volume":"43","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2900","article-title":"Neuronal activity modifies the DNA methylation landscape in the adult brain","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234187","article-title":"Synaptogenic effect of estrogen on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the adult female rat","volume":"198","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90218-9","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of ovariectomized rats after estrogen treatment","volume":"240","author":"Carrer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219357","article-title":"Ultrastructure of neurons in the ventromedial nucleus or the hypothalamus in ovariectomized rats with or without estrogen treatment","volume":"217","author":"Cohen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(91)90122-S","article-title":"Loss of sexual dimorphism in rat arcuate nucleus neuronal membranes with reproductive aging","volume":"112","author":"Garcia-Segura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(90)90490-C","article-title":"Neurosteroids: a new brain function?","volume":"37","author":"Baulieu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7","article-title":"Neurosteroids: endogenous role in the human brain and therapeutic potentials","volume":"186","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0673e.x","article-title":"Pregnenolone sulfate block of GABA(A) receptors: mechanism and involvement of a residue in the M2 region of the alpha subunit","volume":"532","author":"Akk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3988","article-title":"Brain feminization requires active repression of masculinization via DNA methylation","volume":"18","author":"Nugent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.61","article-title":"Neuroimmunology and neuroepigenetics in the establishment of sex differences in the brain","volume":"18","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024659","article-title":"Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients","volume":"67","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2015.1113163","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies in people with gender incongruence","volume":"28","author":"Kreukels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib20","first-page":"400","article-title":"Disforia de g\u00e9nero. Man. Sexol. Cl\u00ednica","author":"G\u00f3mez-Gil","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116613","article-title":"Brain network interactions in transgender individuals with gender incongruence","volume":"211","author":"Uribe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9524-4","article-title":"Familiality of gender identity disorder in non-twin siblings","volume":"39","author":"G\u00f3mez-Gil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.02.006","article-title":"Sex steroid-related genes and male-to-female transsexualism","volume":"30","author":"Henningsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.12.010","article-title":"Polymorphic cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat length of androgen receptor gene and gender incongruence in trans women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"17","author":"D\u2019Andrea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.08.033","article-title":"Androgen receptor repeat length polymorphism associated with male-to-female transsexualism","volume":"65","author":"Hare","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.07.008","article-title":"Association study of gender identity disorder and sex hormone-related genes","volume":"33","author":"Ujike","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12398","article-title":"The (CA)n polymorphism of ER\u03b2 gene is associated with FtM transsexualism","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01105","article-title":"Genetic link between gender dysphoria and sex hormone signaling","volume":"104","author":"Foreman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12673","article-title":"Association study of ER\u03b2, AR, and CYP19A1 genes and MtF transsexualism","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.12.234","article-title":"Genotypes and haplotypes of the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) are associated with female-to-male gender dysphoria","volume":"14","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.07.032","article-title":"Molecular basis of gender: androgen and estrogen receptor interaction","volume":"98","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-016-0456-9","article-title":"The CYP17-MspA1 rs743572 polymorphism is not associated with gender dysphoria","volume":"38","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Genomics"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237905","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237905","article-title":"Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development","volume":"341","author":"Lister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12815","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3331-09.2009","article-title":"The epigenetics of sex differences in the brain","volume":"29","author":"McCarthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3230","article-title":"Functions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1576\/toag.12.1.037.27556","article-title":"DNA methylation: a form of epigenetic control of gene expression","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1276","article-title":"Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior","volume":"7","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.06.018","article-title":"Maternal regulation of estrogen receptor \u03b1 methylation","volume":"8","author":"Champagne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.05.010","article-title":"Effects of sex steroids on the pattern of methylation and expression of the promoter region of estrogen and androgen receptors in people with gender dysphoria under cross-sex hormone treatment","volume":"172","author":"Aranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.5.7720671","article-title":"Estrogen target tissue determines alternative promoter utilization of the human estrogen receptor gene in osteoblasts and tumor cell lines","volume":"136","author":"Grandien","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.11.058","article-title":"Mapping of the methylation pattern of the MUC2 promoter in pancreatic cancer cell lines, using bisulfite genomic sequencing","volume":"227","author":"Hamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gan045","article-title":"Potential link between estrogen receptor-alpha gene hypomethylation and uterine fibroid formation","volume":"14","author":"Asada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2015-1058","article-title":"Tissue-specific expression of estrogen receptor 1 is regulated by DNA methylation in a T-DMR","volume":"30","author":"Maekawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib44","article-title":"The ICD-11. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics eleventh revision","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib45","first-page":"22","article-title":"The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59 Suppl 20","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4253","article-title":"Metabolically healthy but obese, a matter of time? Findings from the prospective Pizarra study","volume":"98","author":"Soriguer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06745","article-title":"Shotgun bisulphite sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome reveals DNA methylation patterning","volume":"452","author":"Cokus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W170","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn294","article-title":"QUMA: quantification tool for methylation analysis","volume":"36","author":"Kumaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib49","first-page":"343","article-title":"Choosing statistical tests: part 12 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications","volume":"107","author":"du Prel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0649","article-title":"Sex differences in epigenetic regulation of the estrogen receptor-\u03b1 promoter within the developing preoptic area","volume":"151","author":"Kurian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(96)80014-9","article-title":"Developmental profile and regulation of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA expression in the preoptic area of prenatal rats","volume":"94","author":"DonCarlos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0142","article-title":"Developmental and hormone-induced epigenetic changes to estrogen and progesterone receptor genes in brain are dynamic across the life span","volume":"151","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.06.017","article-title":"Epigenetic organization of brain sex differences and juvenile social play behavior","volume":"59","author":"Auger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra023075","article-title":"Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation","volume":"349","author":"Herman","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023011111132553500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.02.001","article-title":"Concomitant psychiatric problems and hormonal treatment induced metabolic syndrome in gender dysphoria individuals: a 2 year follow-up study","volume":"78","author":"Colizzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Sexual Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609520306688?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609520306688?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/17\/9\/1795\/48527035\/jsm_17_9_1795.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/17\/9\/1795\/48527035\/jsm_17_9_1795.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T14:47:17Z","timestamp":1675954037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article\/17\/9\/1795\/6973775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.05.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-6109","1743-6095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-6109","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1743-6095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Modifies the CpG Methylation Pattern of the ESR1 Gene Promoter After Six Months of Treatment in Transmen","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Sexual Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.05.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the International Society for Sexual Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}