{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T21:14:51Z","timestamp":1774386891291,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]],"date-time":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]],"date-time":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594512000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given the burgeoning demand for gender affirmation surgery, there are few studies examining both surgical process variables and patient outcome variables. Knowing the learning curve for surgical teams who are beginning to perform this procedure will be important for patient safety and presurgical patient counseling as more institutions open transgender surgical programs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the demographics of patients pursuing penoscrotal vaginoplasty, to determine their postoperative course, and to determine a learning curve for the surgical team performing penoscrotal vaginoplasty.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed charts of all 43 patients who underwent penoscrotal vaginoplasty from the commencement of a new male-to-female penoscrotal vaginoplasty program in March 2018 through July 2019.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary outcomes included mean hemoglobin decrease from surgery and operative time. Mean time to neoclitoral sensation, length of hospital admission, complication rates, reoperation rates, length of narcotic use after surgery, and demographics were also evaluated. Associations between surgical team experience and outcomes were assessed with Spearman's rho and Cox regression, and curve-fitting procedures were applied to determine the relationship.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean operative time from initial incision to procedure finish was 225 minutes, and the mean decrease in hemoglobin was 3.3 g\/dL. The mean time to neoclitoral sensation was 0.72 months. The time until neoclitoral sensation decreased as the surgical cases performed increased (Spearman's rho, \u22120.577 [P &amp;lt; .001]), with a power function best describing the learning curve. Operative time did not change with case number (Spearman's rho, 0.062 [P = .698]) but overall time in the operating room did (Spearman's rho, 0.631 [P &amp;lt; .001]). Mean length of hospital admission was 2.9 days. There were no intraoperative complications. 18 patients (42%) experienced a postoperative complication. 8 of 43 patients underwent reoperation (20%). Narcotics were used a mean of 9.5 days after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A learning curve can be demonstrated in penoscrotal vaginoplasty for time to neoclitoral sensation and overall time in the operating room, plateauing between 30 and 40 cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Strengths and Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Strengths include assessing a learning curve for time to neoclitoral sensation, length of hospital stay, and length of postoperative narcotic use after penoscrotal vaginoplasty, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported elsewhere. Limitations include our overall low number of patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite a low number of cases, length of hospital stay was short and the postoperative complication rate was similar to that of long-standing penoscrotal vaginoplasty programs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.05.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]],"date-time":"2020-07-12T11:06:46Z","timestamp":1594552006000},"page":"1787-1794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Retrospective Cohort Study Evaluating Surgical Aptitude Over Time in a New Male-To-Female Penoscrotal Vaginoplasty Program"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Whynott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility , Iowa City, IA , USA"},{"name":"University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City, IA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility , Iowa City, IA , USA"},{"name":"University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City, IA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riley","family":"Mickelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kansas City, KS , USA"},{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Ponnuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery , Kansas City, KS , USA"},{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Broghammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , Kansas City, KS , USA"},{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kansas City, KS , USA"},{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011111132399100_bib1","article-title":"How many adults identify as transgender in the United States?","author":"Flores","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023011111132399100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.04.09","article-title":"Demographic and temporal trends in transgender 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Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}