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A total of 61 health care students and 58 health providers were interviewed. The study participants were purposively selected and the design was purposively stratified to examine findings across the 3 main health care providers and by experience (clinicians vs students). A semistructured interview guide in Kiswahili language was used. The study participants were presented a case scenario of a 14-year-old boy who was found masturbating in his room by his father, and asked how this case would be handled in a clinical setting. Data were transcribed in Kiswahili and Translated to English.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inductive-deductive thematic analysis was performed. Major themes and subthemes were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two main themes emerged: (i) knowledge about the management of masturbation and (ii) views about the effects of masturbation. Clinical interventions providers would try to include normalization of masturbation as a pubescent behavior combined with advice to stop the adolescent from masturbating, a recommendation to watch for negative effects immediately postmasturbation, and referral to a psychologist for treatment. Across providers and students, masturbation in adolescence was seen as clinically problematic, potentially leading to multiple issues in adulthood including sexual dissatisfaction with a spouse, psychological dependency, and erectile dysfunction, loss of sexual sensitivity in intercourse, premature ejaculation, and penis size reduction. Several participants mentioned they received no training about masturbation to guide their clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings affirm the need for comprehensive sexual health training in Tanzanian universities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Strengths and Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Use of stratified design by profession and experience allowed to explore if there appear to be differences between students and experienced providers. The findings cannot be generalizable to all health professional students and providers across Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When designing sexual health curricula for Tanzania, it is important to include accurate information about masturbation as a normal and healthy sexual practice to address widely held myths about its effects on health, and to train providers in how to counsel when concerns and inaccurate information are brought to the clinical encounter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T08:38:35Z","timestamp":1629794315000},"page":"1690-1697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Management of Masturbation as a Sexual Health Issue in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Qualitative Study of Health Professionals\u2019 and Medical Students\u2019 Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Stella E.","family":"Mushy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.R. Simon","family":"Rosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gift Gadiel","family":"Lukumay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy R.","family":"Mgopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zobeida","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes F.","family":"Massae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ever","family":"Mkonyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorkasi L.","family":"Mwakawanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inari","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Trent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln University , Philadelphia, PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebalda","family":"Leshabari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041407104668800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00769.x","article-title":"Female masturbation masquerading as abdominal pain","volume":"38","author":"Couper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2023041407104668800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2009.04.007","article-title":"Are gonadal steroids linked with orgasm perceptions and sexual assertiveness in women and men?","volume":"56","author":"Van-Anders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2023041407104668800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/1468199031000099442","article-title":"Male psychogenic sexual dysfunction: The role of masturbation","volume":"18","author":"Lipsith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Relatsh Ther"},{"key":"2023041407104668800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.72271","article-title":"Infantile and early childhood masturbation: Sex hormones and clinical profile","volume":"30","author":"Ajlouni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"2023041407104668800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0532","article-title":"Masturbation in infancy and early childhood presenting as a movement disorder: 12 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023041407104668800_","first-page":"407","article-title":"L\u2019h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 et l\u2019\u00e9tiologie des n\u00e9vroses [Heredity and etiology of the neuroses]","author":"Freud","year":"1952","journal-title":"Gesammelte Werke. 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