{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:16:05Z","timestamp":1793945765130,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":401,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The importance of the clitoris as an organ has been neglected by doctors and anatomists over the centuries. Its central role in female sexuality is widely recognized and respected. Although multiple studies have been conducted on the fundiform ligament of the penis, the literature concerning the suspensory ligament of the clitoris is extremely poor. The possibility to describe its complex structure may help us understand female orgasm and sexuality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carrying out an anatomical and histological study about the supporting ligaments of the clitoris and in particular the suspensory ligament of the clitoris.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 10 female cadavers were dissected specifically for this study. All the supporting structures of the clitoris were studied, photographed and measured. A histological study of these structures was also carried out.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The suspensory ligament of the clitoris is a multidimensional structure consisting of three anatomically and histologically distinct components. The superficial layer originates from the anterior abdominal wall, it is the anatomical extension of the fascia superficialis of the abdomen. It mainly consists of loosely organized elastic fibers, fibroblasts and few loosely organized collagen fibers. The intermediate component also originates from the anterior abdominal wall through the extensions of the abdominal aponeurosis that reach the body of the clitoris. It completely encloses the clitoral body and sends lateral extensions to the labia majora. Histologically, this layer mainly consists of well-organized collagen fibers as well as fibroblasts. The deep component is shorter and extends from the pubic symphysis to the knee of the clitoris and also connects the two crus to the pubic symphysis. It almost exclusively consists of very well organized collagen fibers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The suspensory ligament of the clitoris is a multidimensional structure that extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the clitoris. Unlike previous descriptions of the ligament supporting the clitoris, we observed that this structure consists of three anatomically and histologically distinct layers. These new anatomical considerations must be taken into account for any surgery affecting the subcutaneous tissues of the pubis and the abdomen as well as for reconstructive surgery of the clitoris and metoidioplasty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T14:17:54Z","timestamp":1637245074000},"page":"12-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Suspensory Ligament of the Clitoris: A New Anatomical and Histological Description"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Botter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9gane","family":"Botter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Charpy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic pathology, Henri Mondor Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Pineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic Surgery, Rene Huguenin Curie Institute , Saint-Cloud , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"La Padula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic pathology, Henri Mondor Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Meningaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hersant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital , Cr\u00e9teil , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041407155812100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.04.007","article-title":"Colombo and the clitoris","volume":"151","author":"Stringer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2023041407155812100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63188-4","article-title":"Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris","volume":"159","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023041407155812100_","article-title":"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Penis","author":"Sam","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023041407155812100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2353(2000)13:6&lt;397:AID-CA1&gt;3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"The suspensory ligament of the clitoris: connective tissue supports of the erectile tissues of the female urogenital region","volume":"13","author":"Rees","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Anat N Y N"},{"key":"2023041407155812100_","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 d\u2019anatomie humaine. 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