{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T19:10:43Z","timestamp":1770491443598,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The association between erectile dysfunction and cardiometabolic disease is well characterized; men are often diagnosed with cardiovascular disease 2\u20135 years following the incidence of erectile dysfunction. There is evidence that this relationship may also exist for cardiometabolic diseases and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) \u2013 particularly sexual arousal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To provide a summary of the preclinical literature related to the evidence of FSD in animal models of cardiometabolic diseases and indicate where further research is needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A detailed Medline search of peer-reviewed publications was performed on the associations between animal models of cardiometabolic diseases, FSD and underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A summary of the preclinical evidence of FSD in animal models of cardiometabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Common methods for assessing female sexual arousal and physiology in animal models include: 1) behavioral assessments (apomorphine-induced genital vasocongestive arousal; hormone-dependent lordosis), 2) nerve-mediated vaginal and clitoral blood flow, 3) pudendal artery, vaginal and clitoral smooth muscle physiology (vasoreactivity and molecular biology), 4) morphology of genital tissues. Twenty-eight studies examined female animal models of atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes (type 1 and 2) and obesity. They showed functional alterations, including decreased lordosis, lubrication, or vaginal and clitoral blood flow, and structural impairments, such as increased clitoral and vaginal fibrosis. Several possible mechanisms have been described including increased TGF-\u03b2, renin angiotensin system and endothelin\/rho-kinase signaling, increased reactive oxygen species, and decreased nitric oxide\/cGMP signaling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Translation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In line with existing clinical studies, preclinical evidence supports that cardiometabolic diseases alter female genital tissue\u2019s function and structure leading to impaired sexual arousal.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Strengths and Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This masterclass paper gives an overview of the preclinical research assessing FSD in cardiometabolic disease. Limitations include the small number of studies that have assessed sexual function and arousal in female cardiometabolic animal models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preclinical evidence exists showing cardiometabolic diseases alter the structure and function of female genital tissues. However, similar to clinical studies, there are few studies to draw from, particularly in models of type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. More studies are required using optimized animal models and methodology to confirm the mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic disease-induced FSD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.12.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T17:53:42Z","timestamp":1642614822000},"page":"408-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cardiometabolic Diseases and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Animal Studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Angulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Histolog\u00eda-Investigaci\u00f3n, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional en Cardiolog\u00eda (UFV-IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna L.","family":"Hannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010614052072900_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00896-1","article-title":"Management of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease: Recommendations of the Princeton consensus panel","volume":"86","author":"DeBusk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023010614052072900_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00196.x","article-title":"The second Pronceton consensus on sexual dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: New guidelines for sexual medicine","volume":"3","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023010614052072900_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85M","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.018","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction and cardiac risk (the second Princeton consensus conference)","volume":"96","author":"Kostis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023010614052072900_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.06.015","article-title":"The Princeton III consensus recommendations for the management of erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease","volume":"87","author":"Nehra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2023010614052072900_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02649.x","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk and female sexual health: The Princeton III summary","volume":"9","author":"Miner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023010614052072900_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.02.009","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk and female sexuality \u2013 Part I. 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