{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:02:54Z","timestamp":1784257374940,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008910","name":"National Vulvodynia Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008910","name":"National Vulvodynia Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsm.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a common pain disorder afflicting primarily young women, and botulinum toxin A (BTA) has been to a limited extent tested as a treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evaluate outcome 12 months after injection with BTA as a treatment for PVD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of twice repeated injections of 50 units of BTA or placebo in the bulbocavernosus muscles, 3 months apart, in women with PVD. Treatment outcome after six months\u2019, failed to show any significant difference in pain reduction between the groups, as previously reported. Here, we report treatment outcomes 12 months after the first injections. In addition to injections, participants where instructed to perform pelvic floor exercises during month 6-12. 38 participants\/group was calculated to achieve a statistical power of 80% based on an effect size of 20 VAS units (mean score range 56-76\u00b131 SD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary outcome was self-reported dyspareunia or pain at tampon use, using a visual analogue scale (VAS) 0-100. Secondary outcomes were vaginal pressure measurements, psychological health, sexual function and distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the initial 88 randomized women with PVD, 75 remained at 12 months; 38 in the BTA and 37 in the placebo group. There was no significant difference in primary outcome between the groups. Vaginal pressure in the BTA group had been restored to pre-treatment levels, with no differences between the groups at 12 months. There was an increase in sexual function in the BTA group, with a Female Sexual Function Index of 22.8 (\u00b14.8) compared to the placebo group to 19.7 (\u00b15.0), P=.048. No differences were observed in sexual distress, stress and anxiety. There was an increase in number of women attempting intercourse in the BTA group (74%) compared with placebo (43%), P=.005. Too few patients performed the pelvic floor exercises for this intervention to be analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights BTA as a safe treatment option for patients with PVD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Strengths and limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>The randomized, double-blinded design and repeated treatments are the major strengths of this study and it is the first study to objectively evaluate muscular effect after BTA injections. The major shortcoming is that few participants performed the pelvic floor exercises, preventing analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 12 months\u2019 follow up, no significant difference in reduction of dyspareunia or pain at tampon use was observed. Women receiving BTA attempted intercourse more often and improved their sexual function compared with women receiving placebo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.08.188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T04:42:52Z","timestamp":1666759372000},"page":"1670-1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Botulinum Toxin a for Provoked Vestibulodynia: 12 Months\u2019 Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Haraldson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyKarolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"M\u00fchlrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyKarolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Heddini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Division of Obstetrics and GynecologyKarolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for clinical research Uppsala University County Council of V\u00e4stmanland Central Hospital , V\u00e4ster\u00e5s , Sweden"},{"name":"The School of HealthCare and Social WelfareM\u00e4lardalen University , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Bohm-Starke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041407233145000_","first-page":"82","article-title":"A population-based assessment of chronic unexplained vulvar pain: have we underestimated the prevalence of vulvodynia?","volume":"58","author":"Harlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"key":"2023041407233145000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.09.033","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of vulvodynia: population-based estimates from 2 geographic regions","volume":"210","author":"Harlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023041407233145000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.06.005","article-title":"Study on the prevalence and factors associated to vulvodynia in Spain","volume":"240","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2023041407233145000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.05.020","article-title":"Prevalence of vulvodynia and risk factors for the condition in Portugal","volume":"127","author":"Vieira-Baptista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2023041407233145000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001359","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"127","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023041407233145000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.021","article-title":"Vulvodynia: definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiological factors","volume":"13","author":"Pukall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023041407233145000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1026-1","article-title":"Women's subjective experiences of living with vulvodynia: a systematic review and meta-ethnography","volume":"47","author":"Shallcross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2023041407233145000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230701866083","article-title":"Do psychosexual factors play a role in the etiology of provoked vestibulodynia? 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