{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:44:40Z","timestamp":1759837480683},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Theoretical Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T02:00:35Z","timestamp":1381543235000},"page":"102-110","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cooperation promotes the evolution of separate sexes from hermaphrodites with unitary growth"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"341","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang-Nan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1890\/03-8024","article-title":"Pollen limitation of plant reproduction: ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences","volume":"85","author":"Ashman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.11.110180.000311","article-title":"Evolution of dioecy in flowering plants","volume":"11","author":"Bawa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1985.0031","article-title":"On the function of flowers","volume":"224","author":"Bell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, K., Stephens, M., 1993. The Distribution of a Sum of Binomial Random Variables. Technical Report 467, pp. 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA266969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01872-3","article-title":"Experimental tests of sex-allocation theory in plants","volume":"15","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib6","series-title":"Biology: Concepts & Connections","author":"Campbell","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1086\/283342","article-title":"A model for the evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy","volume":"112","author":"Charlesworth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.5.2480","article-title":"Simultaneous hermaphroditism and sexual selection","volume":"76","author":"Charnov","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib9","series-title":"The Theory of Sex Allocation","author":"Charnov","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charnov, E., Bull, J., SMITH, J., 1976. Why be an Hermaphrodite?","DOI":"10.1038\/263125a0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib11","series-title":"On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life","author":"Darwin","year":"1859"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-6515-2","article-title":"Asexual reproduction: Genetics and evolutionary aspects","volume":"64","author":"de Meeus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib13","series-title":"Incompatibility and Incongruity in Wild and Cultivated Plants","author":"De Nettancourt","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eppley, S.M., Jesson, L.K., 2008. Moving to mate: the evolution of separate and combined sexes in multicellular organisms. J. Evol. Biol. 21, 727-736, 10.1111\/J.1420-9101.2008.01524.X.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01524.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003719906378","article-title":"Reproductive and developmental phenomena in annelids: a source of exemplary research problems","volume":"402","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib16","series-title":"The genetical theory of natural selection","author":"Fisher","year":"1930"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1086\/406066","article-title":"Evolution of hermaphroditism among animals","volume":"44","author":"Ghiselin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwillie, C., Kalisz, S., Eckert, C., 2005. The evolutionary enigma of mixed mating systems in plants: occurrence, theoretical explanations, and empirical evidence.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175539"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1986.0026","article-title":"Modular growth in seed plants","volume":"313","author":"Halle","year":"1986","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3774.477","article-title":"Extraordinary sex ratios","volume":"156","author":"Hamilton","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90363-0","article-title":"Simultaneous hermaphroditism; cost and benefit","volume":"64","author":"Heath","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1554\/0014-3820(2001)055[0880:TCODFS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The consequences of dioecy for seed dispersal: modeling the seed-shadow handicap","volume":"55","author":"Heilbuth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12530","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012530","article-title":"Cooperation, norms, and revolutions: a unified game-theoretical approach","volume":"5","author":"Helbing","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1163.1","article-title":"A consumer-resource approach to the density-dependent population dynamics of mutualism","volume":"91","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1086\/338510","article-title":"Population dynamics and mutualism: functional responses of benefits and costs","volume":"159","author":"Holland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib26","first-page":"867","article-title":"Dioecy as a specialization promoting sperm delivery","volume":"10","author":"Iyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00525.x","article-title":"Animals mix it up too: the distribution of self-fertilization among hermaphroditic animals","volume":"60","author":"Jarne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1086\/284014","article-title":"Selection of combined versus separate sexes in seed plants","volume":"120","author":"Lloyd","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(199806)20:6<453::AID-BIES3>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"The evolution of life cycles with haploid and diploid phases","volume":"20","author":"Mable","year":"1998","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2007","article-title":"Population viscosity and the evolution of altruism","volume":"204","author":"Mitteldorf","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.2307\/2409765","article-title":"Attractive structures and the stability of hermaphroditic sex expression in flowering plants","author":"Morgan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133755","article-title":"Five rules for the evolution of cooperation","volume":"314","author":"Nowak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1086\/603615","article-title":"Inter\u00a9\\and intrasexual variation in aging patterns across reproductive traits in a wild red deer population","volume":"174","author":"Nussey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib34","series-title":"Evolution and the Levels of Selection","author":"Okasha","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(82)90225-9","article-title":"Why are there so many tiny sperm? Sperm competition and the maintenance of two sexes","volume":"96","author":"Parker","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1086\/285278","article-title":"Evidence that mating group-size affects allocation of reproductive resources in a simultaneous hermaphrodite","volume":"138","author":"Raimondi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib37","series-title":"The Genial Gene: Deconstructing Darwinian selfishness","author":"Roughgarden","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1986.0025","article-title":"Growth and form in modular animals \u2013 ideas on the size and arrangement of zooids","volume":"313","author":"Ryland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1998.0730","article-title":"The unit of selection in viscous populations and the evolution of altruism","volume":"193","author":"van Baalen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(85)90071-X","article-title":"On the life strategies of plants and animals","volume":"1","author":"Walbot","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020183","article-title":"Everything you always wanted to know about sexes","volume":"2","author":"Whitfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1086\/376584","article-title":"Reproductive uncertainty and the relative competitiveness of simultaneous hermaphroditism versus dioecy","volume":"162","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib43","first-page":"527","article-title":"Viscous populations evolve altruistic programmed aging in ability conflict in a changing environment","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.01.019","article-title":"Cooperation and the evolution of anisogamy","volume":"264","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033_bib45","first-page":"130","article-title":"Mating system evolution, resource allocation, and genetic diversity in plants","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Journal of Theoretical Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022519313004797?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022519313004797?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T18:42:25Z","timestamp":1564512145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022519313004797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0022519313004797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5193","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cooperation promotes the evolution of separate sexes from hermaphrodites with unitary growth","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Theoretical Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.09.033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}