{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:07:14Z","timestamp":1792271234950,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":731,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jtcvsonline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T11:21:11Z","timestamp":1614943271000},"page":"737-746.e3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Dysphagia after cardiac surgery: Prevalence, risk factors, and associated outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Plowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine Dallal","family":"York","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"DiBiase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrie","family":"Vasilopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Arnaoutakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Beaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric I.","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.10.008","article-title":"Finding the red flags: swallowing difficulties after cardiac surgery in patients with prolonged intubation","volume":"31","author":"Daly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/20162015199","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia and related factors in post-cardiac surgery: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Werle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Codas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000069738.73602.5F","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact of aspiration pneumonia in patients undergoing surgery in Maryland, 1999-2000","volume":"31","author":"Kozlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02640-6","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia after cardiac operations","volume":"71","author":"Ferraris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3073","article-title":"Risk factor analysis of pneumonia developing after open heart surgery [abstract]","volume":"9","author":"Bicer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib6","first-page":"784","article-title":"Consequence of dysphagia in the hospitalized patient","volume":"136","author":"Altman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000022091","article-title":"Risk factors for early emergency hospital readmission in elderly medical patients","volume":"45","author":"Chu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.03.077","article-title":"A novel risk score to predict dysphagia after cardiac surgery procedures","volume":"100","author":"Grimm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811701210","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10)","volume":"117","author":"Belafsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(02)00097-8","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the reflux symptom index (RSI)","volume":"16","author":"Belafsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Voice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417897","article-title":"A penetration-aspiration scale","volume":"11","author":"Rosenbek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-015-9631-4","article-title":"The Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale: an anatomically defined and image-based tool","volume":"30","author":"Neubauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481608201006","article-title":"Dysphagia after cardiac operations is associated with increased length of stay and costs","volume":"82","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(98)00239-2","article-title":"Silent aspiration after coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"65","author":"Harrington","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(95)70249-0","article-title":"Swallowing dysfunction after cardiac\u00a0operations: associated adverse outcomes and risk factors including intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography","volume":"110","author":"Hogue","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib16","first-page":"119","article-title":"Incidence and impact of dysphagia in patients receiving prolonged endotracheal intubation after cardiac surgery","volume":"52","author":"Barker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.01.027","article-title":"Dysphagia and laryngeal pathology in post-surgical cardiothoracic patients","volume":"45","author":"Miles","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.10.006","article-title":"Is dysphagia after cardiac operations a \u201cpreexisting condition\u201d?","volume":"101","author":"Bowles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/rcm.rcm_27_17","article-title":"Preoperative predictors of postoperative aspiration risk after cardiac surgery","volume":"6","author":"Bowles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib20","article-title":"Utility of the 3-ounce water swallow test to detect aspiration in cardiac surgical patients","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib21","series-title":"Assessing and Treating Dysphagia: A Lifespan Perspective","first-page":"5","article-title":"Anatomy of swallowing","author":"Pearson","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-018-9928-1","article-title":"\u201cHidden in Plain Sight\u201d: a descriptive review of laryngeal vestibule closure","volume":"34","author":"Vose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0448","article-title":"Reference values for healthy swallowing across the range from thin to extremely thick liquids","volume":"62","author":"Steele","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-009-9237-9","article-title":"Initiation and duration of laryngeal closure during the pharyngeal swallow in post-stroke patients","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.33699","article-title":"Early changes in pulmonary functions after mitral valve replacement","volume":"2","author":"Saxena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01875.x","article-title":"Laryngeal penetration and aspiration in individuals with stable COPD","volume":"16","author":"Cvejic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21209","article-title":"Respiratory-swallow phase patterns and their relationship to swallowing impairment in patients treated for oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"32","author":"Brodsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-007-9077-4","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of swallowing apnea duration and swallow\/respiratory phase relationships in individuals with cerebral vascular accident","volume":"22","author":"Butler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-019-09977-w","article-title":"Clinical approaches to assess post-extubation dysphagia (PED) in the critically ill","volume":"34","author":"Perren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2400-2","article-title":"Dysphagia in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical management","volume":"23","author":"Zuercher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2015.11929174","article-title":"Postextubation dysphagia","volume":"28","author":"Rassameehiran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Baylor Univ Med Cent Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07250.x","article-title":"Size matters: choosing the right tracheal tube","volume":"67","author":"Farrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1530\/ERP-18-0047","article-title":"Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE): contra-indications, complications and safety of perioperative TOE","volume":"5","author":"Hauser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Echo Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001103900112","article-title":"A modification of the trans-oesophageal echocardiography protocol can reduce post-operative dysphagia following cardiac surgery","volume":"39","author":"Chin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12575","article-title":"The transesophageal echo probe may contribute to esophageal injury after catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation under general anesthesia: a preliminary observation","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01086-3","article-title":"Risk of dysphagia after transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac operations","volume":"69","author":"Rousou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00956-1","article-title":"The incidence of dysphagia in pediatric patients after open heart procedures with transesophageal echocardiography","volume":"76","author":"Kohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.07.087","article-title":"The impact of frailty on outcomes after cardiac surgery: a systematic review","volume":"148","author":"Sepehri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2313","article-title":"Bedside diagnosis of dysphagia: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Horo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib40","first-page":"CD012020","article-title":"Preoperative exercise training for patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Cavalheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.03.0076","article-title":"Functional outcomes associated with expiratory muscle strength training: narrative review","volume":"51","author":"Laciuga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022522321004050?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022522321004050?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T17:19:38Z","timestamp":1758388778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022522321004050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022522321004050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dysphagia after cardiac surgery: Prevalence, risk factors, and associated outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.02.087","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}