{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T21:04:18Z","timestamp":1782421458288,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":731,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL127072-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL127072-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32HL160063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32HL160063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL128831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL128831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL136347-04S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL136347-04S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL46716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL46716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL133624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL133624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM065085-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM065085-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL160517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL160517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jtcvsonline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:40:12Z","timestamp":1692492012000},"page":"e535-e550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Canagliflozin improves coronary microvascular vasodilation and increases absolute blood flow to the myocardium independent of angiogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Debolina","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharif A.","family":"Sabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwight D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Broadwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ruhul","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anny","family":"Usheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8886-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank W.","family":"Sellke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00136-9","article-title":"VEGF administration in chronic myocardial ischemia in pigs","volume":"40","author":"Lopez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-011-0200-1","article-title":"Therapeutic neovascularization for coronary disease: current state and future prospects","volume":"106","author":"Lassaletta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.15829\/1560-4071-2020-2-3757","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"25","author":"Knuuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Russ J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028623","article-title":"Canagliflozin improves myocardial perfusion, fibrosis, and function in a swine model of chronic myocardial ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Sabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1096","article-title":"How does empagliflozin reduce cardiovascular mortality? Insights from a mediation analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial","volume":"41","author":"Inzucchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037778","article-title":"Empagliflozin reduced mortality and hospitalization for heart failure across the spectrum of cardiovascular risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial","volume":"139","author":"Fitchett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"385","author":"Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1432","article-title":"A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA- HF)","volume":"21","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.05.007","article-title":"Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS)\u2014a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"166","author":"Neal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.10.002","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitor, canagliflozin, attenuates myocardial infarction in the diabetic and nondiabetic heart","volume":"4","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.084590","article-title":"Changes in microvascular reactivity after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with poorly controlled versus controlled diabetes","volume":"126","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199710000-00005","article-title":"The direct vasomotor effect of thyroid hormones on rat skeletal muscle resistance arteries","volume":"85","author":"Park","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.771960","article-title":"Mechanobiology of microvascular function and structure in health and disease: focus on the coronary circulation","volume":"12","author":"Brandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib18","first-page":"55","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction","author":"Camici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronic Coronary Artery Disease: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease. Vol 10. 1st ed. Elsevier"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2022.09.004","article-title":"Mechanism of canagliflozin-induced vasodilation in resistance mesenteric arteries and the regulation of systemic blood pressure","volume":"150","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.3.11.1219","article-title":"Opposite effects of endostatin on different endothelial cells","volume":"3","author":"Schmidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413336","article-title":"Canagliflozin modulates hypoxia-induced metastasis, angiogenesis and glycolysis by decreasing HIF-1\u03b1 protein synthesis via AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00362","article-title":"Canagliflozin inhibits human endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation","volume":"10","author":"Behnammanesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00946.2011","article-title":"Functional contribution of P2Y 1 receptors to the control of coronary blood flow","volume":"111","author":"Bender","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2006.05.005","article-title":"Loss of vascular adenosine A1 receptors with age in the rat heart","volume":"45","author":"Jenner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.7.634","article-title":"cAMP-independent dilation of coronary arterioles to adenosine: role of nitric oxide, G proteins, and K ATP channels","volume":"85","author":"Hein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2010.00054.x","article-title":"Contribution of adenosine A2A and A2B receptors to ischemic coronary dilation: role of KV and KATP channels: a2 receptor subtypes in ischemic coronary dilation","volume":"17","author":"Berwick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01244","article-title":"Contribution of K v 7 channels to basal coronary flow and active response to ischemia","volume":"62","author":"Khanamiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.7.643","article-title":"The cardiac renin-angiotensin system: conceptual, or a regulator of cardiac function?","volume":"85","author":"Dostal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1040","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1996.271.3.H1040","article-title":"Expression and localization of renin and angiotensinogen in rat heart after myocardial infarction","volume":"271","author":"Passier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00925670","article-title":"Distribution of angiotensinogen in diseased human hearts","volume":"132","author":"Sawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.86.1.138","article-title":"Expression of the angiotensinogen gene and localization of its protein in the human heart","volume":"86","author":"Sawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.73.3.413","article-title":"Molecular characterization of angiotensin II--induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts. Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype","volume":"73","author":"Sadoshima","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib33","first-page":"I-346","article-title":"Cardiac specific overexpression of angiotensin converting enzyme in transgenic mice","volume":"98","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib34","first-page":"I-392","article-title":"A 40-fold increase in cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity fails to increase local angiotensin II concentrations","volume":"98","author":"Pinto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.2.219","article-title":"Cellular distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme after myocardial infarction","volume":"25","author":"Falkenhahn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.69.2.475","article-title":"Tissue-specific activation of cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme in experimental heart failure","volume":"69","author":"Hirsch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circ Res"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022522323007298?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022522323007298?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T01:06:29Z","timestamp":1764551189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022522323007298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022522323007298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Canagliflozin improves coronary microvascular vasodilation and increases absolute blood flow to the myocardium independent of angiogenesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}