{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:15:25Z","timestamp":1790284525572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624147200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":201,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T11:54:34Z","timestamp":1590494074000},"page":"126562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prolonged exposure to particulate Cr(VI) is cytotoxic and genotoxic to fin whale cells"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Idoia","family":"Meaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Speer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayler J.","family":"Croom-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abou El-Makarim","family":"Aboueissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Sr","given":"John Pierce","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0005","series-title":"Routes of Exposure, Dose and Metabolism of Metals: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals","author":"Beckett","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0010","series-title":"Toxic Effects of Metals: Casarett & Doull\u2019s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons","author":"Liu","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102418","article-title":"Chromium","volume":"37","author":"Barceloux","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1990","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chromium, nickel and welding","volume":"49","author":"IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)","year":"1990","journal-title":"IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum."},{"issue":"2012","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0025","first-page":"147","article-title":"Monographs volume 100C: arsenic, metals, Fibres and dusts. IARC Monogr","volume":"100C","author":"IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1990.35.3.0730","article-title":"Chromium speciation in seawater: the probable role of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"35","author":"Pettine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02226462","article-title":"An overview of chromium in the marine environment","volume":"44","author":"Geisler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dtsch hydrogr Z"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.09.007","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung and testes fibroblasts","volume":"650","author":"Wise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0311-x","article-title":"Chromium is elevated in Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) skin tissue and is genotoxic to fin whale skin cells","volume":"166","author":"Wise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.02.044","article-title":"A global assessment of chromium pollution using sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) as an indicator species","volume":"75","author":"Wise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.05.005","article-title":"\"A whale of a tale: a one Environmental Health approach to study metal pollution in the Sea of Cortez.\"","volume":"376","author":"Wise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.120","article-title":"Metal levels in whales from the Gulf of Maine: a one environmental health approach","volume":"216","author":"Wise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0065","series-title":"Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Chromium VI.","author":"EPA U.S., Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0070","article-title":"Current status on chromium research and its implications for health and risk assessment","author":"Speer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ref. Mod. Chem. Molec. Sci. Chem.l Engin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1071\/R97001","article-title":"Sexual maturation and fertility of male and female mice exposed prenatally and postnatally to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds","author":"Al-Hamood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev.10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21810","article-title":"Persistent hexavalent chromium exposure impaired the pubertal development and ovarian histoarchitecture in wistar rat offspring","volume":"29","author":"Samuel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030091124437","article-title":"Marine mammals as sentinels in ecological risk assessment","volume":"6","author":"Ross","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810388525","article-title":"Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health","volume":"48","author":"Bossart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0095","series-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","article-title":"Balaenoptera physalus","author":"Cooke","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.11.022","article-title":"Fin whales and microplastics: the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Cortez scenarios","volume":"209","author":"Fossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(00)00211-6","article-title":"Temporal and biogeographic comparisons of PCBs and persistent organochlorine pollutants in the blubber of fin whales from eastern Canada in 1971-1991","volume":"114","author":"Hobbs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20471","article-title":"Particulate hexavalent chromium is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung and skin fibroblasts","volume":"50","author":"Li Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0115","first-page":"143","article-title":"Comparative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in human and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) skin cells. Comparative biochemistry and physiology","volume":"155","author":"Li Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. & Pharmacol.: CBP"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu175","article-title":"Homologous recombination repair signaling in chemical carcinogenesis: prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure suppresses the Rad51 response in human lung cells","volume":"142","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw103","article-title":"Prolonged particulate hexavalent chromium exposure suppresses homologous recombination repair in human lung cells","volume":"153","author":"Browning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.04.006","article-title":"Prolonged particulate chromate exposure does not inhibit homologous recombination repair in North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) lung cells","volume":"331","author":"Browning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0135","first-page":"5280","article-title":"Transformation of C3H\/10T1\/2 mouse embryo cells to focus formation and anchorage independence by insoluble lead chromate but not soluble calcium chromate: relationship to mutagenesis and internalization of lead chromate particles","volume":"48","author":"Patierno","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(80)90018-4","article-title":"Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium","volume":"76","author":"L\u00e9onard","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/7.5.831","article-title":"Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium compounds: the association between bronchial metaplasia and neoplasia","volume":"7","author":"Levy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(90)90007-X","article-title":"Genotoxicity of chromium compounds. A review","volume":"238","author":"DeFlora","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.268","article-title":"Characteristics of chromate workers\u2019 cancers, chromium lung deposition and precancerous bronchial lesions: an autopsy study","volume":"70","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0160","first-page":"2342","article-title":"Hot spots\" of chromium accumulation at bifurcations of chromate workers\u2019 bronchi","volume":"54","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/14.3.429","article-title":"Inhibition of lead chromate clastogenesis by ascorbate: relationship to particle dissolution and uptake","volume":"14","author":"Wise","year":"1993","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0170","first-page":"1362","article-title":"Lead chromate-induced chromosome damage requires extracellular dissolution to liberate chromium ions but does not require particle internalization or intracellular dissolution","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(02)00071-2","article-title":"The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in human lung cells","volume":"517","author":"Wise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.10.010","article-title":"Zinc chromate induces chromosome instability and DNA double strand breaks in human lung cells","volume":"234","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0185","first-page":"298","article-title":"A sensitive assay for the evaluation of cytotoxicity and its pharmacologic modulation in human solid tumor-derived cell lines exposed to cancer-therapeutic agents","volume":"10","author":"Mirzayans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.06.002","article-title":"Carcinogenic lead chromate induces DNA double-strand breaks in human lung cells","volume":"586","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/13.1.75","article-title":"X-ray induced DNA double-strand breaks in human sperm","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(92)90287-A","article-title":"Clastogenesis by particulate PbCrO4 in hamster and human cells","volume":"278","author":"Wise","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.05.013","article-title":"A comparison of particulate hexavalent chromium cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human and leatherback sea turtle lung cells from a one environmental health perspective","volume":"376","author":"Speer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/35056049","article-title":"Chromosomal stability and the DNA double-stranded break connection","volume":"2","author":"van Gent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0531","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium-induced chromosome instability drives permanent and heritable numerical and structural changes and a DNA repair-deficient phenotype","volume":"78","author":"Wise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.08.009","article-title":"Assessment of the mode of action for hexavalent chromium-induced lung cancer following inhalation exposures","volume":"325","author":"Proctor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900360w","article-title":"Chronic exposure to zinc chromate induces centrosome amplification and spindle assembly checkpoint bypass in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"23","author":"Holmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3312","article-title":"Chronic exposure to lead chromate causes centrosome abnormalities and aneuploidy in human lung cells","volume":"66","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0601410","article-title":"Chronic exposure to particulate chromate induces spindle assembly checkpoint bypass in human lung cells","volume":"19","author":"Wise","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.05.030","article-title":"Prolonged exposure to particulate chromate inhibits RAD51 nuclear import mediator proteins","volume":"331","author":"Browning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.615","article-title":"DNA damage associated with mitosis and cytokinesis failure","volume":"32","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2018.51.4.034","article-title":"Sex as an important biological variable in biomedical research","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMB Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0946672X20301279?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0946672X20301279?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T19:09:59Z","timestamp":1760555399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0946672X20301279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0946672X20301279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562","relation":{},"ISSN":["0946-672X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0946-672X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prolonged exposure to particulate Cr(VI) is cytotoxic and genotoxic to fin whale cells","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126562","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"126562"}}