{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:04:14Z","timestamp":1786993454451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012023","name":"Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jthjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:51:40Z","timestamp":1760140300000},"page":"4-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibody-mediated multicellular pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: the dynamic roles of platelets, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Romy T.","family":"Meier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick","family":"Kapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-709873","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"129","author":"Arepally","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(18)30046-2","article-title":"Disease burden, complication rates, and health-care costs of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the USA: a population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Dhakal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X19898253","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): review of incidence, diagnosis, and management","volume":"25","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-174382","article-title":"Incidence and predictive factors of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a comprehensive analysis using national inpatient data","volume":"142","author":"Al-Alwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104263441704","article-title":"Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"344","author":"Warkentin","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00258-6","article-title":"A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"101","author":"Warkentin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib7","first-page":"15","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): identification and treatment pathways","volume":"2018","author":"Fathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Cardiol Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315445","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; a focus on thrombosis","volume":"41","author":"Arepally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14587","article-title":"The risk of major bleeding in patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"17","author":"Pishko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination","volume":"385","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104882","article-title":"Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2105869","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Muir","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105385","article-title":"Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Scully","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-4502","article-title":"Case series of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination\u2014United States, December 2020 to August 2021","volume":"175","author":"See","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01693-7","article-title":"Very rare thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after second AZD1222 dose: a global safety database analysis","volume":"398","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109908","article-title":"Clinical features of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis","volume":"385","author":"Pavord","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.220365","article-title":"Thrombus distribution in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination","volume":"305","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2136","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012896","article-title":"Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombotic events after vector-based COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Palaiodimou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of VITT","volume":"59","author":"Pai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107051","article-title":"Adjunct immune globulin for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"385","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2406453","article-title":"Myeloma therapy for monoclonal gammopathy of thrombotic significance","volume":"391","author":"Salmasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1054\/blre.2001.0189","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an overview","volume":"16","author":"Kelton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023020872","article-title":"PF4 activates the c-Mpl-Jak2 pathway in platelets","volume":"143","author":"Buka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-301424","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria, inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"117","author":"Krauel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03744-4","article-title":"Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia","volume":"596","author":"Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular architecture and platelet-activating properties of small immune complexes assembled on heparin and platelet factor 4","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol Nat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.11.3691.bloodjournal84113691","article-title":"Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"84","author":"Warkentin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198703053161004","article-title":"Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia","volume":"316","author":"Cines","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1989.tb00258.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets","volume":"73","author":"Chong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.3.925.bloodjournal723925","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: laboratory studies","volume":"72","author":"Kelton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00111-0","article-title":"Notch2 is preferentially expressed in mature B cells and indispensable for marginal zone B lineage development","volume":"18","author":"Saito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-01-477091","article-title":"Critical role for mouse marginal zone B cells in PF4\/heparin antibody production","volume":"121","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322003","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin","volume":"332","author":"Warkentin","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-11-540781","article-title":"B-cell tolerance regulates production of antibodies causing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"123","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-04-709634","article-title":"The antigenic complex in HIT binds to B cells via complement and complement receptor 2 (CD21)","volume":"128","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017612","article-title":"Cloned antibodies from patients with HIT provide new clues to HIT pathogenesis","volume":"141","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance","volume":"133","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900196","article-title":"Regulatory T cells control PF4\/heparin antibody production in mice","volume":"203","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016474","article-title":"Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is mediated by a stereotyped clonotypic antibody","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023021307","article-title":"Characterization of reverse-engineered anti-PF4 stereotypic antibodies derived from serum of patients with VITT","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2020.09.005","article-title":"The immune nature of platelets revisited","volume":"34","author":"Maouia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500259","article-title":"Nouvelle cuisine: platelets served with inflammation","volume":"194","author":"Kapur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280251","article-title":"The deglycosylated form of 1E12 inhibits platelet activation and prothrombotic effects induced by VITT antibodies","volume":"107","author":"Vayne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307979","article-title":"TULA-2 (T-cell ubiquitin ligand-2) inhibits the platelet Fc receptor for IgG IIA (Fc\u03b3RIIA) signaling pathway and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in mice","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00079","article-title":"Control of cytokine production by human Fc gamma receptors: Implications for pathogen defense and autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Vogelpoel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014167","article-title":"Platelet spleen tyrosine kinase is a key regulator of anti-PF4 antibody\u2013induced immunothrombosis","volume":"9","author":"Zlamal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00077","article-title":"Platelet granule exocytosis: a comparison with chromaffin cells","volume":"4","author":"Fitch-Tewfik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.812830","article-title":"Elucidation of cellular contributions to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia using omic approaches","volume":"12","author":"Giles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24314","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.38.24314","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent stimulation of phospholipase C-\u03b32 is an early key event in Fc\u03b3RIIA-mediated activation of human platelets","volume":"273","author":"Gratacap","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2018881607","article-title":"Recognition of PF4-VWF complexes by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies contributes to thrombus propagation","volume":"135","author":"Johnston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2016.06.005","article-title":"Microvesicles in autoimmune diseases","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1411910","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"373","author":"Greinacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072556","article-title":"Platelet activation in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is followed by platelet death via complex apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways","volume":"21","author":"Mordakhanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0188-0","article-title":"Platelet factor 4-containing immune complexes induce platelet activation followed by calpain-dependent platelet death","volume":"5","author":"Nevzorova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013231","article-title":"Insights in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"138","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017696","article-title":"Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"141","author":"Cines","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6126","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196126","article-title":"Vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT)\u2014insights from clinical cases, in vitro studies and murine models","volume":"12","author":"Dabbiru","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280154","article-title":"Comparative analysis of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S SARS-CoV-2 vector vaccines","volume":"107","author":"Michalik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-02006-5","article-title":"The diverse roles of neutrophils from protection to pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Herro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-463646","article-title":"Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs","volume":"123","author":"Martinod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09160-7","article-title":"Neutrophil activation and NETosis are the major drivers of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"10","author":"Perdomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99445","article-title":"Neutrophil accumulation and NET release contribute to thrombosis in HIT","volume":"3","author":"Gollomp","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib67","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Immune thrombosis: exploring the significance of immune complexes and NETosis","volume":"12","author":"Perdomo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32946-1","article-title":"NETosis and thrombosis in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1683913","article-title":"Neutrophil and monocyte counts in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"119","author":"Hui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.04.006","article-title":"Soluble P-selectin, but not circulating cell-free DNA, is a potential diagnostic biomarker in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"23","author":"Ramadan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003093","article-title":"Inhibition of NADPH oxidase blocks NETosis and reduces thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"5","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab506","article-title":"Immune complexes, innate immunity, and NETosis in ChAdOx1 vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"42","author":"Holm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-02-0162","article-title":"Role of monocytes and endothelial cells in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"116","author":"Madeeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2007.038588","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide and prostacyclin as vasoactive hormones released by the endothelium","volume":"93","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.187831","article-title":"The glycocalyx of the human umbilical vein endothelial cell","volume":"104","author":"Chappell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90958","article-title":"Endothelial antigen assembly leads to thrombotic complications in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"127","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-231506","article-title":"The severity of trauma determines the immune response to PF4\/heparin and the frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"115","author":"Lubenow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-07-859975","article-title":"Moving target PF4 directs HIT responses","volume":"132","author":"Semple","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111429","article-title":"Acceleration of thrombin-antithrombin complex formation in rat hindquarters via heparinlike molecules bound to the endothelium","volume":"74","author":"Marcum","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/14.2.121","article-title":"Anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia provoke direct activation of microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Blank","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014165","article-title":"Endothelial cell activation enhances thromboinflammation in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"9","author":"Dupuy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.021","article-title":"Granulocyte-monocyte progenitors and monocyte-dendritic cell progenitors independently produce functionally distinct monocytes","volume":"47","author":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3671","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-11-539262","article-title":"Platelet transactivation by monocytes promotes thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"127","author":"Tutwiler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-03-276964","article-title":"Monocyte-bound PF4 in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"116","author":"Rauova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-02-830737","article-title":"Dynamic intercellular redistribution of HIT antigen modulates heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"132","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17750","article-title":"Activation of circulating platelets in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia and its reversal by intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"196","author":"McFadyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179317","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and thrombosis: update on the clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"22","author":"Zifkos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00763-8","article-title":"The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system","volume":"23","author":"Buzas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21507","article-title":"Activated platelet-derived and leukocyte-derived circulating microparticles and the risk of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a role for PF4-bearing microparticles?","volume":"94","author":"Campello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytom Part B Clin Cytom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.914891","article-title":"Activated platelets and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles mediate COVID-19-associated immunothrombosis","volume":"10","author":"Ebeyer-Masotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.3.930.003k46_930_935","article-title":"Cellular origin and procoagulant properties of microparticles in meningococcal sepsis","volume":"95","author":"Nieuwland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-021-02505-4","article-title":"Procoagulant microparticles: a possible link between vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis","volume":"52","author":"Marchandot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5285","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-359430","article-title":"PF4\/heparin-antibody complex induces monocyte tissue factor expression and release of tissue factor positive microparticles by activation of Fc\u03b3RI","volume":"119","author":"Kasthuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13103","article-title":"The expanding family of neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"312","author":"Marki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122718","article-title":"The functional heterogeneity of neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles reflects the status of the parent cell","volume":"9","author":"Kolonics","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14765","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-microparticle complexes trigger neutrophil recruitment via high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1)-toll-like receptors(TLR2)\/TLR4 signalling","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.01.021","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived vesicles control complement activation to facilitate inflammation resolution","volume":"188","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-11-611046","article-title":"Endothelial cells suppress monocyte activation through secretion of extracellular vesicles containing antiinflammatory microRNAs","volume":"125","author":"Njock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.824112","article-title":"Neutrophil-platelet interactions as novel treatment targets in cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Kaiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib103","first-page":"52","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-microparticle complexes enhance thrombin generation via the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in mice","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009487","article-title":"Complement mediates binding and procoagulant effects of ultralarge HIT immune complexes","volume":"138","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011240","article-title":"C3a mediates endothelial barrier disruption in brain-derived, but not retinal, human endothelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Wolf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12225-3","article-title":"Endothelial receptor proteins in acute venous thrombosis and delayed thrombus resolution in cerebral sinus vein thrombosis","volume":"271","author":"Kellermair","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041433","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils unique transcriptomic signatures of organ-specific endothelial cells","volume":"142","author":"Paik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15271","article-title":"Endothelial cells of pulmonary origin display unique sensitivity to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide","volume":"10","author":"Morsing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.08.007","article-title":"Antibodies and complement are key drivers of thrombosis","volume":"57","author":"Stark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.12.015","article-title":"Complement activation as a biomarker for platelet-activating antibodies in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"23","author":"Myoung","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-023-00560-5","article-title":"Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles promote endothelial dysfunction in sepsis by enhancing neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1095","article-title":"Tissue-factor\u2013bearing microvesicles arise from lipid rafts and fuse with activated platelets to initiate coagulation","volume":"106","author":"del Conde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090627","article-title":"Platelet-derived microparticles bearing PF4 and anti-GAGS immunoglobulins in patients with sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Sartori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.11.3962","article-title":"Interaction of endothelial microparticles with monocytic cells in vitro induces tissue factor\u2013dependent procoagulant activity","volume":"99","author":"Sabatier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103274","article-title":"Interaction between endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles and monocytes: a potential link between vascular thrombosis and pregnancy-related morbidity in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"22","author":"\u00c1lvarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538783625006051?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538783625006051?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:39:45Z","timestamp":1767602385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1538783625006051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1538783625006051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-7836"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-7836","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antibody-mediated multicellular pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: the dynamic roles of platelets, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and monocytes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.09.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}