{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:36:40Z","timestamp":1793353000737,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001422","name":"American Society of Hematology Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001422","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013120","name":"European Medicines Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jthjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T06:41:52Z","timestamp":1786084912000},"page":"4076-4084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and thrombotic risk of platelet factor 4\u2013dependent platelet-activating antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Leonard","family":"Scheuer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wesche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Weitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Greinacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Sch\u00f6nborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1411910","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"373","author":"Greinacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322003","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin","volume":"332","author":"Warkentin","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19663","article-title":"Anti-platelet factor 4 immunothrombotic syndromes","volume":"205","author":"Buka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104882","article-title":"Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105385","article-title":"Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Scully","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2307721","article-title":"Adenovirus-associated thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and VITT-like antibodies","volume":"389","author":"Warkentin","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022136","article-title":"Anti-PF4 immunothrombosis without proximate heparin or adenovirus vector vaccine exposure","volume":"142","author":"Sch\u00f6nborn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2514824","article-title":"Adenoviral inciting antigen and somatic hypermutation in VITT","volume":"394","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2309016","article-title":"Rescue therapy in chronic prothrombotic autoimmune anti-PF4 disorder","volume":"389","author":"Lindhoff-Last","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415930","article-title":"VITT-like monoclonal gammopathy of thrombotic significance","volume":"392","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022018797","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of thrombotic\/thrombocytopenic significance","volume":"141","author":"Kanack","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758818","article-title":"Laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia antibodies: a narrative review","volume":"49","author":"Warkentin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14955","article-title":"Beneficial effect of exogenous platelet factor 4 for detecting pathogenic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies","volume":"179","author":"Vayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25660","article-title":"Serotonin-release assay-negative heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"95","author":"Warkentin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107051","article-title":"Adjunct immune globulin for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"385","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2005.00621.x","article-title":"Incidence and clinical significance of anti-PF4\/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA class in 755 consecutive patient samples referred for diagnostic testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"76","author":"Juhl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012064","article-title":"A flow cytometric assay to detect platelet-activating antibodies in VITT after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination","volume":"137","author":"Handtke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15862","article-title":"Quantitative interpretation of PF4\/heparin-EIA optical densities in predicting platelet-activating VITT antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Sch\u00f6nborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03025.x","article-title":"Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4-dependent enzyme-immunoassays","volume":"6","author":"Warkentin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-06-580894","article-title":"Heparin-independent, PF4-dependent binding of HIT antibodies to platelets: implications for HIT pathogenesis","volume":"125","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13066","article-title":"Distinguishing between anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies that can and cannot cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"13","author":"Nazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013839","article-title":"The interaction between anti-PF4 antibodies and anticoagulants in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"139","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15848","article-title":"Variable serotonin release assay pattern and specificity of PF4-specific antibodies in HIT, and clinical relevance","volume":"20","author":"Rollin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2023.284127","article-title":"Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia due to heparin-independent anti-PF4 antibodies after adenovirus infection","volume":"109","author":"Uzun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib26","first-page":"S88","article-title":"Massive portal vein thrombosis due to platelet-activating PF4 antibodies without proximate heparin exposure, infection, or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"45","author":"Langer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hamostaseologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2019.1636645","article-title":"High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a review","volume":"12","author":"Warkentin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12373-6","article-title":"An anti-PF4 antibody-related disorder with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia initially presenting as intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"271","author":"Wittstock","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1724207","article-title":"Advances in our understanding of anti-PF4 related immunothrombosis","volume":"16","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01787.x","article-title":"Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T\u2019s) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings","volume":"4","author":"Lo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"}],"container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538783626004873?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538783626004873?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:03:36Z","timestamp":1793351016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1538783626004873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1538783626004873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-7836"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-7836","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and thrombotic risk of platelet factor 4\u2013dependent platelet-activating antibodies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.07.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}