{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:04:19Z","timestamp":1784750659118,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hebei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering","award":["20240203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Thermal Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T11:09:55Z","timestamp":1749467395000},"page":"104166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Electric fan-based cooling strategies to mitigate heat strain during prolonged heat exposure in young males"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aobing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib1","series-title":"Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106020916972","article-title":"Thirst as an ingestive behavior: a brief review on physiology and assessment","volume":"26","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"issue":"6026","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201224","article-title":"The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe","volume":"332","author":"Barriopedro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05235-y","article-title":"Effect of ice slurry ingestion on thermoregulatory responses during fixed-intensity cycling in humid and dry heat","volume":"123","author":"Choo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1175\/2007MWR2224.1","article-title":"An efficient and accurate method for computing the wet-bulb temperature along pseudoadiabats","volume":"136","author":"Davies-Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.04.017","article-title":"Heatstroke at home: prediction by thermoregulation modeling","volume":"137","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.2.247","article-title":"Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration","volume":"37","author":"Dill","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00371-z","article-title":"Prediction and projection of heatwaves","volume":"4","author":"Domeisen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01333.x","article-title":"The pathopysiology of heat stroke: an integrative view of the final common pathway","volume":"21","author":"Epstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib10","first-page":"9","article-title":"Warm temperature stimulus suppresses the perception of skin wetness during initial contact with a wet surface, Skin Res","volume":"21","author":"Filingeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tech"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64049","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac71b9","article-title":"Robust increase in population exposure to heat stress with increasing global warming","volume":"17","author":"Freychet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000239","article-title":"Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04283-7","article-title":"Ad libitum water consumption off-sets the thermal and cardiovascular strain exacerbated by dehydration during a 3-h simulated heatwave","volume":"120","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102979","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of post-exercise cooling with ice slurry ingestion between males and females","volume":"99","author":"Iwata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0842-8","article-title":"Does cold water or ice slurry ingestion during exercise elicit a net body cooling effect in the heat?","volume":"48","author":"Jay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"10301","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01209-5","article-title":"Reducing the health effects of hot weather and heat extremes: from personal cooling strategies to green cities","volume":"398","author":"Jay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2023.103588","article-title":"Heat waves and adaptation: a global systematic review","volume":"116","author":"Kiarsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.112539","article-title":"Electric fan use and fluid replacement fail to prevent systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) during prolonged humid heat in young men","volume":"270","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00301.2010","article-title":"Heat stroke: role of the systemic inflammatory response","volume":"109","author":"Leon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-02215-8","article-title":"Humid heat exceeds human tolerance limits and causes mass mortality","volume":"15","author":"Matthews","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-02215-8","article-title":"Humid heat exceeds human tolerance limits and causes mass mortality","volume":"15","author":"Matthews","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00411.2023","article-title":"Physiological responses to 9 hours of heat exposure in young and older adults. Part II: autophagy and the acute cellular stress response","volume":"135","author":"McCormick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00227.2023","article-title":"Physiological responses to 9 hours of heat exposure in young and older adults. Part I: body temperature and hemodynamic regulation","volume":"135","author":"Meade","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00030-5","article-title":"A critical review of the effectiveness of electric fans as a personal cooling intervention in hot weather and heatwaves","volume":"8","author":"Meade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3322","article-title":"Global risk of deadly heat","volume":"7","author":"Mora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0512","article-title":"The effects of electric fan use under differing resting heat index conditions: a clinical trial","volume":"171","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2478\/v10036-010-0018-1","article-title":"Exercise, heat stress and the interleukin-6 response: support for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"M\u00fcndel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sport."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102922","article-title":"Effect of ice slurry ingestion on core temperature and blood pressure response after exercise in a hot environment","volume":"98","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.19457","article-title":"Effect of electric fans on body core temperature in older adults exposed to extreme indoor heat","volume":"332","author":"O'Connor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104077","article-title":"Effect of fluid temperature on the relation and agreement between perceptual and physiological strain during simulated work in a hot environment","volume":"128","author":"O'Connor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.15.3.236","article-title":"Accuracy of urine specific gravity and osmolality as indicators of hydration status","volume":"15","author":"Oppliger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exe."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.3.531","article-title":"A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body","volume":"19","author":"Ramanathan","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.153","article-title":"Heart rate and body temperature responses to extreme heat and humidity with and without electric fans","volume":"313","author":"Ravanelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31802ca597","article-title":"Exercise and fluid replacement","volume":"39","author":"Sawka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112697","article-title":"Usefulness of complete blood count (CBC) to assess cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in clinical settings: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.111350","article-title":"Ice slurry ingestion for enhanced occupant thermal comfort in warm\/hot indoor environments: a comparative study with an energy-efficient desk fan","volume":"253","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1515","article-title":"Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave","volume":"87","author":"Whitman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-57","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of a visual analog scale for the assessment of anxiety","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.112960","article-title":"Thermoregulatory responses to 8-hour humid heat exposure in young males: comparison between constant and naturally varied wet bulb temperature conditions","volume":"277","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.04.003","article-title":"Human comfort and perceived air quality in warm and humid environments with ceiling fans","volume":"90","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004364","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of heatwave-related mortality from 1990 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Thermal Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306456525001238?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306456525001238?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T20:33:33Z","timestamp":1754339613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306456525001238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0306456525001238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electric fan-based cooling strategies to mitigate heat strain during prolonged heat exposure in young males","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Thermal Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104166","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104166"}}