{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:10:18Z","timestamp":1792606218997,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004376","name":"Terry Fox Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005614","name":"BC Cancer Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jto.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Thoracic Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T19:18:00Z","timestamp":1625944680000},"page":"1850-1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["High-Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Among Never Smokers Versus Ever Smokers With Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Renelle","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Dummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhinder","family":"Atkar-Khattra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Melosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiran","family":"Yuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tammemagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib1","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Cancer statistics in China, 2015","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23679","article-title":"Never-smoking nonsmall cell lung cancer as a separate entity: clinicopathologic features and survival","volume":"113","author":"Yano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.12.033","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution and lung cancer in non-smokers in Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2190","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers - a different disease","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2018.07.01","article-title":"A\u00a0quantitative method for assessing smoke associated molecular damage in lung cancers","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib7","series-title":"Air pollution and cancer","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70487-X","article-title":"The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution","volume":"14","author":"Loomis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02864","article-title":"Data integration for the assessment of population exposure to ambient air pollution for global burden of disease assessment","volume":"52","author":"Shaddick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03709","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the global burden of disease 2013","volume":"50","author":"Brauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409276","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC)","volume":"123","author":"Crouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408646","article-title":"Use of satellite observations for long-term exposure assessment of global concentrations of fine particulate matter","volume":"123","author":"van Donkelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.43","article-title":"Secondhand smoke as a potential cause of chronic rhinosinusitis: a case-control study","volume":"136","author":"Tammemagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780040112","article-title":"A\u00a0Wilcoxon-type test for trend","volume":"4","author":"Cuzick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780100410","article-title":"Multiple imputation in health-care databases: an overview and some applications","volume":"10","author":"Rubin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.22.1.189","article-title":"Confounding in health research","volume":"22","author":"Greenland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib18","series-title":"Multivariable Model-Building: a Pragmatic Approach to Regression Analysis Based on Fractional Polynomials for Modelling Continuous Variables","author":"Royston","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.03.007","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers--a review","volume":"48","author":"Couraud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000152522.80261.e3","article-title":"Residential radon and risk of lung cancer: a combined analysis of 7 North American case-control studies","volume":"16","author":"Krewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib23","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: the NLCS-AIR study","volume":"139","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs034","article-title":"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: a nested case\u2013control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust","volume":"104","author":"Silverman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70279-1","article-title":"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)","volume":"14","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.017","article-title":"Environmental arsenic exposure: from genetic susceptibility to pathogenesis","volume":"112","author":"Minatel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib27","first-page":"205","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of lung cancer and geographic variations with special reference to EGFR mutations","volume":"3","author":"Mitsudomi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.012","article-title":"Proteogenomics of non-smoking lung cancer in East Asia delineates molecular signatures of pathogenesis and progression","volume":"182","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000149880.36620.9f","article-title":"Estimated risks of radon-induced lung cancer for different exposure profiles based on the new EPA model","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219206","article-title":"Sex and survival in non-small cell lung cancer: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Radkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.02.007","article-title":"Air pollution and adenocarcinoma in never-smokers","volume":"14","author":"Groen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2013.12.009","article-title":"Estrogenic steroid hormones in lung cancer","volume":"41","author":"Siegfried","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0794","article-title":"A\u00a0decade of GWAS results in lung cancer","volume":"27","author":"Boss\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-1221","article-title":"Predicting lung cancer occurrence in never-smoking females in Asia: TNSF-SQ, a prediction model","volume":"29","author":"Chien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.8793","article-title":"Japanese-US common-arm analysis of paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a model for assessing population-related pharmacogenomics","volume":"27","author":"Gandara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201106-1011OC","article-title":"Long-term ambient fine particulate matter air pollution and lung cancer in a large cohort of never-smokers","volume":"184","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050185","article-title":"Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies","volume":"5","author":"Thun","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15834","article-title":"Burden of cause-specific mortality associated with PM2.5 air pollution in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Bowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003141","article-title":"The association between long-term exposure to low-level PM2.5 and mortality in the state of Queensland, Australia: a modelling study with the difference-in-differences approach","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Thoracic Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1556086421022565?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1556086421022565?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:48:23Z","timestamp":1761562103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1556086421022565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1556086421022565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-0864"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-0864","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High-Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Among Never Smokers Versus Ever Smokers With Lung Cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}