{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:10:59Z","timestamp":1792390259035,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008206","name":"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Ocular Surface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T19:04:39Z","timestamp":1570215879000},"page":"74-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of use of essential fatty acids in topical ophthalmic preparations for dry eye"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Poonam","family":"Mudgil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-013-0009-1","article-title":"Dry eye disease: impact on quality of life and vision","volume":"1","author":"Uchino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.11.002","article-title":"Economic and humanistic burden of dry eye disease in europe, North America, and Asia: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report","volume":"15","author":"Bron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.010","article-title":"The pathophysiology of dry eye disease: what we know and future directions for research","volume":"124","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.02.010","article-title":"Advancements in anti-inflammatory therapy for dry eye syndrome. Advancements in anti-inflammatory therapy for dry eye syndrome","volume":"80","author":"McCabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib8","first-page":"71","article-title":"The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"112","author":"Messmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200303000-00002","article-title":"Systemic linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid therapy in dry eye syndrome with an inflammatory component","volume":"22","author":"Barabino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.887","article-title":"Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women","volume":"82","author":"Miljanovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318299549c","article-title":"Long-term supplementation with n-6 and n-3 PUFAs improves moderate-to-severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca: a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Sheppard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001884","article-title":"Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for treatment of dry eye disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"38","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12145","article-title":"Efficacy of polyunsaturated fatty acids for dry eye syndrome: a meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"72","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709691","article-title":"n-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"378","author":"Asbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2007.12.001","article-title":"Oral omega-6 essential fatty acid treatment in contact lens associated dry eye","volume":"31","author":"Kokke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1394","article-title":"Systemic omega-6 essential fatty acid treatment and pge1 tear content in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome patients","volume":"46","author":"Aragona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2007.61","article-title":"Topical omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for treatment of dry eye","volume":"126","author":"Rashid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.884595","article-title":"Effects of eye drops containing a mixture of omega-3 essential fatty acids and hyaluronic acid on the ocular surface in desiccating stress-induced murine dry eye","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.05.003","article-title":"The role of systemic and topical fatty acids for dry eye treatment","volume":"61","author":"Barabino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5445","article-title":"Surfactant properties of human Meibomian lipids","volume":"52","author":"Mudgil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113502","article-title":"Insights into tear film stability from babies and young Adults: a study of human meibum lipid conformation and rheology","volume":"19","author":"Mudgil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib22","article-title":"Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Pucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31826f32e0","article-title":"Lipid-containing lubricants for dry eye: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2017.0052","article-title":"Relevance of lipid-based products in the management of dry eye disease","volume":"33","author":"Garrigue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.904361","article-title":"Effects of oleic acid on the corneal permeability of compounds and evaluation of its ocular irritation of rabbit eyes","volume":"39","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19117","article-title":"Sebum\/meibum surface film interactions and phase transitional differences","volume":"57","author":"Mudgil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199111000-00005","article-title":"Lipid adsorption onto hydrogel contact lens materials. Advantages of Nile red over oil red O in visualization of lipids","volume":"68","author":"Mirejovsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.03.003","article-title":"Lipidomics of human meibomian gland secretions: chemistry, biophysics, and physiological role of Meibomian lipids","volume":"50","author":"Butovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-197301310-00007","article-title":"Formation and stability of the tear film","volume":"13","author":"Holly","year":"1973","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2005.05.011","article-title":"Insertion of tear proteins into a Meibomian lipids film","volume":"44","author":"Miano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.03.024","article-title":"Interactions of Meibomian gland secretion with polar lipids in Langmuir monolayers","volume":"78","author":"Georgiev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib32","series-title":"Interfacial phenomena","isbn-type":"print","author":"Davies","year":"1963","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780323161664"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.1650","article-title":"Coexistence of buckled and flat monolayers","volume":"81","author":"Lipp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11858","DOI":"10.1021\/la301321r","article-title":"Molecular structure of interfacial human meibum films","volume":"28","author":"Leiske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9907","article-title":"Surface chemistry study of the interactions of pharmaceutical ingredients with human meibum films","volume":"53","author":"Georgiev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10987","article-title":"Structural and rheological properties of meibomian lipid","volume":"54","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.016","article-title":"Structure of unsaturated fatty acids in 2D system","volume":"158","author":"Fidalgo Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.03.019","article-title":"Effect of saturation degree on the interactions between fatty acids and phosphatidylcholines in binary and ternary Langmuir monolayers","volume":"72","author":"Hac-Wydro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib39","article-title":"Differences in meibum and tear lipid composition and conformation","author":"Borchman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143431","article-title":"Lipid saturation and the rheology of human tear lipids","volume":"20","author":"Georgiev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6514","article-title":"Human meibum lipid conformation and thermodynamic changes with meibomian-gland dysfunction","volume":"52","author":"Borchman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12033","DOI":"10.1021\/la101811z","volume":"26","author":"Raudino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm25210d","article-title":"The impact of lipid composition on the stability of the tear fluid lipid layer","volume":"8","author":"Kulovesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082209","article-title":"Effects of lipid saturation on the surface properties of human meibum films","volume":"19","author":"Nencheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.08.012","article-title":"Human meibum saturation and lipid order","volume":"116","author":"Mudgil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091862","article-title":"Human meibum age, lipid-lipid interactions and lipid saturation in meibum from infants","volume":"18","author":"Sledge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["The Ocular Surface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542012419303404?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542012419303404?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T04:38:35Z","timestamp":1761539915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542012419303404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542012419303404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0124","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation of use of essential fatty acids in topical ophthalmic preparations for dry eye","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Ocular Surface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}