{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:10:44Z","timestamp":1792606244832,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Ocular Surface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T02:56:31Z","timestamp":1585364191000},"page":"363-373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["The keratoconus enigma: A review with emphasis on pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Giulio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Rama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib1","series-title":"Practical observations on conical cornea, and on the short sight, and other defects of vision connected with it","author":"Nottingham","year":"1854"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030715026","article-title":"Keratoconus with pellucid marginal corneal degeneration","volume":"102","author":"Kayazawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib3","first-page":"109","article-title":"Marginal pellucid degeneration of the cornea, or marginal keratoconus","volume":"3","author":"Pouliquen","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib4","series-title":"National centre for advancing translational sciences. Keratoconus | genetic and rare diseases information center (GARD) \u2013 an NCATS program","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib5","unstructured":"Gorskova EN, Sevost\u2019ianov EN. [Epidemiology of keratoconus in the urals]. Vestn Oftalmol n.d.;114:38-40."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.848458","article-title":"Topographic keratoconus is not rare in an Iranian population: the Tehran eye study","volume":"20","author":"Hashemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311391","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus in paediatric patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"102","author":"Torres Netto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3889\/MJMS.1857-5773.2009.0034","article-title":"Keratoconus and its prevalence in Macedonia","volume":"2","author":"Ljubic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Macedonian J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib9","first-page":"307","article-title":"Epidemiology of keratoconus and corneal topograph in normal young male subjects","volume":"36","author":"Santiago","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700652","article-title":"Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients","volume":"18","author":"Georgiou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.154","article-title":"Does ethnic origin influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus?","volume":"14","author":"Pearson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701677","article-title":"Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asian and white patients (multiple letters) [7]","volume":"19","author":"Cozma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90817-2","article-title":"A\u00a048-year clinical and epidemiologic study of keratoconus","volume":"101","author":"Kennedy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.560747","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of keratoconus in jerusalem: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Millodot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2011.03.016","article-title":"D\u00e9pistage du k\u00e9ratoc\u00f4ne dans une population universitaire au Liban","volume":"35","author":"Waked","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib16","first-page":"407","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus patients in Japan","volume":"89","author":"Tanabe","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Jpn Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.04.027","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of keratoconus in South Korea: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"192","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002054","article-title":"Keratoconus prevalence among high school students in New Zealand","volume":"38","author":"Papali\u2019i-Curtin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of keratoconus genetic and external factors in the pathogenesis of the disease","volume":"178","author":"Ihalainen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.074955","article-title":"Incidence and severity of keratoconus in Asir province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"89","author":"Assiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-195901000-00002","article-title":"A\u00a0keratoscopic survey of 13,395 eyes","volume":"36","author":"Hofstetter","year":"1959","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101509010172","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus among a Palestinian tertiary student population","volume":"9","author":"Shehadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib23","first-page":"5983530","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus in a refractive surgery population","volume":"2018","author":"Al-Amri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12304","article-title":"Investigation of keratoconus in an Australian refractive population","volume":"42","author":"Hodge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182a0d014","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus in a population-based study in Shahroud","volume":"32","author":"Hashemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12147","article-title":"The prevalence of keratoconus in a young population in Mashhad, Iran","volume":"34","author":"Hashemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.015","article-title":"Age-specific incidence and prevalence of keratoconus: a nationwide registration study","volume":"175","author":"Godefrooij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14082","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of keratoconus in Denmark \u2013 an update","volume":"97","author":"Bak-Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181839b06","article-title":"Keratoconus in the medicare population","volume":"28","author":"Reeves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.024","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of keratoconus in rural Maharashtra in Central India: the Central India eye and medical study","volume":"148","author":"Jonas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib31","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of steep cornea\/keratoconus in greater Beijing. The Beijing Eye Study","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002150","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors for keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Hashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00981.x","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of keratoconus in Denmark","volume":"85","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib34","first-page":"365","article-title":"[Estimation of patient visit rate and incidence of keratoconus in the 23 wards of Tokyo]","volume":"106","author":"Ota","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689208500807","article-title":"Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in keratoconus patients","volume":"85","author":"Sharif","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34857-5","article-title":"An association of keratoconus and mitral valve prolapse","volume":"89","author":"Beardsley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib37","article-title":"Impaired corneal biomechanical properties and the prevalence of keratoconus in mitral valve prolapse","volume":"2014","author":"Kalkan Akcay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32320-0","article-title":"Lack of association between keratoconus, mitral valve prolapse, and joint hypermobility","volume":"98","author":"Street","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.09.029","article-title":"The associations of floppy eyelid syndrome: a case control study","volume":"117","author":"Ezra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.002","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"18","author":"Salinas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib41","first-page":"684","article-title":"The eye in the Marfan syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Maumenee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3129\/i10-072","article-title":"Keratoconus caused by eye rubbing in patients with Tourette Syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Mashor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318281e755","article-title":"Eyelid laxity, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea in keratoconus","volume":"32","author":"Pihlblad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13320","article-title":"Keratoconus and obesity: can high body mass alter the shape of the cornea?","volume":"46","author":"Slater","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001509","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea assessed by overnight polysomnography in patients with keratoconus","volume":"37","author":"Pedrotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s004179900111","article-title":"Manifest diabetes and keratoconus: a restrospective case-control study","volume":"238","author":"Seiler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000282","article-title":"Association between diabetes and keratoconus: a case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Naderan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.009","article-title":"Is there an association between diabetes and keratoconus?","volume":"113","author":"Kuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001417","article-title":"Application of topographical keratoconus detection metrics to eyes of individuals with down syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Marsack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2373","article-title":"Corneal morphologic characteristics in patients with down syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Alio","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181859935","article-title":"Keratoconus associated with other corneal dystrophies","volume":"28","author":"Cremona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2015.05.013","article-title":"Topographic corneal changes in children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a report from Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"38","author":"Gautam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492005000500004","article-title":"Topographic corneal changes in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"68","author":"Correa Dantas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1975.tb111590.x","article-title":"Keratoconus and the Ehlers Danlos syndrome: a new aspect of keratoconus","volume":"1","author":"Robertson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12617","article-title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta and keratoconus in an Italian family","volume":"101","author":"Zeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7","article-title":"Keratoconus","volume":"42","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00882.x","article-title":"Joint hypermobility in keratoconus","volume":"10","author":"Woodward","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00371-8","article-title":"Keratoconus and mitral valve prolapse","volume":"129","author":"Lichter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76792-3","article-title":"Keratoconus and congenital hip dysplasia [6]","volume":"111","author":"Nucci","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32070-0","article-title":"Keratoconus associated with floppy eyelld syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Donnenfeld","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000937","article-title":"Prevalence of eyelid laxity and its association with ophthalmic findings and disease severity in patients with keratoconus","volume":"27","author":"Naderan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib62","first-page":"316","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome associated with keratoconus","volume":"63","author":"Negris","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318243e446","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome and high-risk characteristics among keratoconus patients","volume":"31","author":"Saidel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.05.003","article-title":"Clinical profile and main comorbidities of Spanish adults with Down syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Real De Asua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3183-1","article-title":"Ocular findings in Noonan syndrome: a retrospective cohort study of 105 patients","volume":"177","author":"van Trier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.011","article-title":"Ophthalmic findings in Apert's syndrome after craniofacial surgery: twenty-nine years' experience","volume":"113","author":"Khong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199401000-00014","article-title":"Bilateral keratoconus in Crouzon's syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Perlman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199709000-00007","article-title":"Keratoconus and Turner's syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Macsai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib69","first-page":"117","article-title":"Bardet-Biedl syndrome and keratoconus","volume":"203","author":"Fran\u00e7ois","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v10i1.21718","article-title":"A\u00a0patient with keratoconus, axial hyperopia and pigmentary retinopathy","volume":"10","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nepal J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2015.1028648","article-title":"A\u00a0patient with keratoconus, nanophthalmos, lipodermoids, and pigmentary retinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Sammouh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2015.08.013","article-title":"Corr\u00e9lations ph\u00e9notype-g\u00e9notype de la r\u00e9tinopathie pigmentaire non syndromique: \u00c0 propos de dix familles tunisiennes","volume":"39","author":"Chebil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.12.001","article-title":"Vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"64","author":"Singhal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311097","article-title":"Posterior keratoconus","volume":"102","author":"Silas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.3.367","article-title":"Association of keratoconus and Avellino corneal dystrophy [9]","volume":"87","author":"Igarashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib76","first-page":"176","article-title":"Familial association of keratoconus and granular corneal dystrophy: the familial case series","volume":"6","author":"Cankaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"North Clin Istanbul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-018-0144-8","article-title":"Genetic aspects of keratoconus: a literature review exploring potential genetic contributions and possible genetic relationships with comorbidities","volume":"7","author":"Loukovitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35145-2","article-title":"Round and oval cones in keratoconus","volume":"87","author":"Perry","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.05.027","article-title":"Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography imaging in keratoconus: a corneal structural classification","volume":"120","author":"Sandali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00278.x","article-title":"In vivo corneal confocal microscopy in keratoconus","volume":"25","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000189038.74139.4a","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy findings in keratoconus","volume":"32","author":"\u00d6\u00f6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib82","article-title":"Comparison of corneal epithelial and stromal thickness distributions between eyes with keratoconus and healthy eyes with corneal astigmatism \u22652.0 D","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199211000-00012","article-title":"Histopathological variation in keratoconus","volume":"11","author":"Scroggs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.1.62","article-title":"Three-dimensional scanning electron microscopic study of keratoconus corneas","volume":"116","author":"Sawaguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1157","article-title":"Cellular incursion into Bowman's membrane in the peripheral cone of the keratoconic cornea","volume":"74","author":"Sherwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib86","unstructured":"Mensher JH. Corneal nerves. Surv Ophthalmol n.d.;19:1-18."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1217","article-title":"Mapping the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus in keratoconus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"47","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0968","article-title":"Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy reveals reduced innervation and reduction in cell density in all layers of the keratoconic cornea","volume":"49","author":"Niederer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8377","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15348","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of collagen lamellae in the normal and keratoconic human cornea by second harmonic generation imaging microscopy","volume":"55","author":"Morishige","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680802439219","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy for the evaluation of corneal microstructure in keratoconus","volume":"33","author":"Mocan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.01.017","article-title":"Acute corneal hydrops in keratoconus - new perspectives","volume":"157","author":"Fan Gaskin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(88)80047-2","article-title":"Keratoconus: I. Biochemical studies","volume":"46","author":"Critchfield","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16692","article-title":"Differential expression of proteoglycans by corneal stromal cells in keratoconus","volume":"57","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwf065","article-title":"Mice deficient in small leucine-rich proteoglycans: novel in vivo models for osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, muscular dystrophy, and corneal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Ameye","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688809047024","article-title":"Histochemical studies of keratoconus","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"1988","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020581044","article-title":"Lysosomal enzyme abnormalities in keratoconus","volume":"107","author":"Sawaguchi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.11.050","article-title":"Inflammatory molecules in the tears of patients with keratoconus","volume":"112","author":"Lema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.144253","article-title":"Subclinical keratoconus and inflammatory molecules from tears","volume":"93","author":"Lema","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016437","article-title":"Subnormal cytokine profile in the tear fluid of keratoconus patients","volume":"6","author":"Jun","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.01.008","article-title":"Differential epithelial and stromal protein profiles in keratoconus and normal human corneas","volume":"92","author":"Joseph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib101","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Expression of degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors in corneas with keratoconus","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib102","first-page":"2293","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in the normal and diseased human cornea","volume":"42","author":"Behndig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.197","article-title":"Measurement of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cultured cells and tissue","volume":"5","author":"Weydert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-0484(03)00022-5","article-title":"The cascade hypothesis of keratoconus","volume":"26","author":"Kenney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.262","article-title":"Increased systemic oxidative stress in patients with keratoconus","volume":"28","author":"Toprak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00066","article-title":"A\u00a0review of structural and biomechanical changes in the cornea in aging, disease, and photochemical crosslinking","volume":"7","author":"Blackburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000434","article-title":"Relationship of structural characteristics to biomechanical profile in normal, keratoconic, and crosslinked eyes","volume":"34","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181ca6383","article-title":"Changes in corneal biomechanics in patients with keratoconus after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"29","author":"Yenerel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43811-5","article-title":"Spatially-resolved Brillouin spectroscopy reveals biomechanical abnormalities in mild to advanced keratoconus in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31828da95c","article-title":"Is consanguinity a risk factor for keratoconus?","volume":"90","author":"Gordon-Shaag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02448.x","article-title":"Keratoconus in 18 pairs of twins","volume":"90","author":"Tuft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20000828)93:5<403::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Genetic epidemiological study of keratoconus: evidence for major gene determination","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib113","first-page":"3160","article-title":"A\u00a0locus for autosomal dominant keratoconus: linkage to 16q22.3-q23.1 in Finnish families","volume":"43","author":"Tyynismaa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.9.1029","article-title":"VSX1: a gene for posterior polymorphous dystrophy and keratoconus","volume":"11","author":"Heon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib115","first-page":"2482","article-title":"Mutational screening of VSX1, SPARC, SOD1, LOX, and TIMP3 in keratoconus","volume":"17","author":"de Bonis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib116","first-page":"3128","article-title":"Mutation analysis of VSX1 and SOD1 in Iranian patients with keratoconus","volume":"17","author":"Saee-Rad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31815a50e7","article-title":"Three VSX1 gene mutations, L159M, R166W, and H244R, are not associated with keratoconus","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0185","article-title":"Expression of VSX1 in human corneal keratocytes during differentiation into myofibroblasts in response to wound healing","volume":"47","author":"Barbaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1530","article-title":"No VSX1 gene mutations associated with keratoconus","volume":"47","author":"Aldave","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181aebf7a","article-title":"Absence of pathogenic mutations in VSX1 and SOD1 genes in patients with keratoconus","volume":"29","author":"\u0160tabuc-\u0160ilih","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib121","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the VSX1 gene in familial keratoconus","volume":"13","author":"Liskova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31811dfaf7","article-title":"Keratoconus is not associated with mutations in COL8A1 and COL8A2","volume":"26","author":"Aldave","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib123","first-page":"2848","article-title":"Polymorphisms in COL4A3 and COL4A4 genes associated with keratoconus","volume":"15","author":"Stabuc-Silih","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2014.946055","article-title":"Polymorphism analysis of COL4A3 and COL4A4 genes in Greek patients with keratoconus","volume":"35","author":"Kokolakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2506","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify multiple loci associated with central corneal thickness and keratoconus","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14532","article-title":"Mutations in the zinc finger protein gene, Znf469, Contribute to the pathogenesis of keratoconus","volume":"55","author":"Vincent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5527","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu253","article-title":"Enrichment of pathogenic alleles in the brittle cornea gene, ZNF469, in keratoconus","volume":"23","author":"Lechner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12968","article-title":"Evidence against ZNF469 being causative for keratoconus in Polish patients","volume":"94","author":"Karolak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.09.014","article-title":"Mutation altering the miR-184 seed region causes familial keratoconus with cataract","volume":"89","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8783","article-title":"A\u00a0single-base substitution in the seed region of miR-184 causes EDICT syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2173","article-title":"Localization of a gene for keratoconus to a 5.6-Mb interval on 13q32","volume":"50","author":"Gajecka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth0410-248","article-title":"A\u00a0method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations","volume":"7","author":"Adzhubei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2014.881507","article-title":"Association of lysyl oxidase (LOX) polymorphisms with the risk of keratoconus in an Iranian population","volume":"36","author":"Hasanian-Langroudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2015.1005317","article-title":"Evaluating the association between keratoconus and reported genetic loci in a han Chinese population","volume":"36","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.28","article-title":"Validation of rs2956540:G>C and rs3735520:G>A association with keratoconus in a population of European descent","volume":"23","author":"Dudakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib136","first-page":"109","article-title":"Linkage analysis of high-density SNPs confirms keratoconus locus at 5q chromosomal region","volume":"37","author":"Bykhovskaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182821c1c","article-title":"An association between the calpastatin (CAST) gene and keratoconus","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8514","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8261","article-title":"Association of polymorphisms in the hepatocyte growth factor gene promoter with keratoconus","volume":"52","author":"Burdon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib139","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor and myopia: genetic association analyses in a caucasian population","volume":"15","author":"Yanovitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr460","article-title":"A\u00a0genome-wide association study identifies a potential novel gene locus for keratoconus, one of the commonest causes for corneal transplantation in developed countries","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib141","first-page":"630","article-title":"Association of interleukin-1 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms with keratoconus in Chinese han population","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib142","first-page":"845","article-title":"Interleukin 1 beta promoter polymorphism is associated with keratoconus in a Japanese population","volume":"19","author":"Mikami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib143","first-page":"2109","article-title":"Association of -31T>C and -511 C>T polymorphisms in the interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) promoter in Korean keratoconus patients","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000027","article-title":"Relationship between IL1\u03b2-511C>T and ILRN VNTR polymorphisms and keratoconus","volume":"33","author":"Palamar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib145","first-page":"487","article-title":"Genetics of corneal endothelial dystrophies","volume":"88","author":"Kannabiran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.04.061","article-title":"The point mutation and polymorphism in keratoconus candidate gene TGFBI in Chinese population","volume":"503","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib147","first-page":"37","article-title":"Molecular screening of keratoconus susceptibility sequence variants in VSX1, TGFBI, DOCK9, STK24, and IPO5 genes in polish patients and novel TGFBI variant identification","volume":"37","author":"Karolak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200401000-00003","article-title":"Keratoconus - No association with the transforming growth factor \u03b2-induced gene in a cohort of American patients","volume":"23","author":"Udar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib149","first-page":"1514","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex 1 gene analysis in keratoconus","volume":"17","author":"Pathak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14300","article-title":"Association of mitochondrial haplogroups H and R with keratoconus in Saudi arabian patients","volume":"55","author":"Abu-Amero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/13816810.2017.1393831","article-title":"A\u00a0new perspective on the genetics of keratoconus: why have we not been more successful?","volume":"39","author":"Valgaeren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199703000-00025","article-title":"Keratoconus: age of onset and natural history","volume":"74","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20120522-02","article-title":"Keratoconus onset after age 50","volume":"28","author":"Tenkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000491","article-title":"Corneal cross-linking in a 4-year-old child with keratoconus and down syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Sabti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.116070","article-title":"Management of pediatric keratoconus - evolving role of corneal collagen cross-linking: an update","volume":"61","author":"Kankariya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.07.026","article-title":"Baseline factors predictive of incident penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus","volume":"142","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2015.05.001","article-title":"Effect of ageing on keratoconic corneas","volume":"9","author":"Millodot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31825aba0e","article-title":"Quo vadis older keratoconus patients? do they die at younger ages?","volume":"32","author":"McMonnies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.010","article-title":"Pellucid marginal degeneration: detection, discrimination from other corneal ectatic disorders and progression","volume":"42","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Abad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2007.03.001","article-title":"Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus (CLEK) study: methods and findings to date","volume":"30","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.035","article-title":"The association between sociodemographic factors, common systemic diseases, and keratoconus an analysis of a nationwide heath care claims database","volume":"123","author":"Woodward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.10.816","article-title":"Association between keratoconus and atopy","volume":"73","author":"Harrison","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070060082054","article-title":"Development of keratoconus after contact lens wear: patient characteristics","volume":"108","author":"Macsai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31816a3591","article-title":"Inflammatory response to contact lenses in patients with keratoconus compared with myopic subjects","volume":"27","author":"Lema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2019.1569075","article-title":"Post-LASIK ectasia: twenty years of a conundrum","volume":"34","author":"Ambr\u00f3sio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.8.834","article-title":"Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis","volume":"84","author":"Bawazeer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02458.x","article-title":"Keratoconus in Asians: demographics, clinical characteristics and visual function in a hospital-based population","volume":"39","author":"Khor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200303000-00008","article-title":"A\u00a0profile of keratoconus in New Zealand","volume":"22","author":"Owens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-016-0462-0","article-title":"National survey of pellucid marginal corneal degeneration in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20171031-02","article-title":"Bilateral keratoconus induced by secondary hypothyroidism after radioactive iodine therapy","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib171","first-page":"7907512","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disease and keratoconus: is there an association?","volume":"2018","author":"AlHawari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Internet J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001402","article-title":"Thyroid gland dysfunction and keratoconus","volume":"37","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000988","article-title":"Role of thyroxine in the development of keratoconus","volume":"35","author":"Thanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(90)90134-G","article-title":"The possible role of tear fluid thyroxine in keratoconus development","volume":"50","author":"Kah\u00e1n","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1256413","article-title":"Urea, uric acid, Prolactin and fT4 concentrations in aqueous humor of keratoconus patients","volume":"42","author":"Stachon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181ac0518","article-title":"The influence of gender and hormone status on the severity and progression of keratoconus","volume":"29","author":"Fink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.015","article-title":"Evaluation estrogen, progesteron and androgen receptor expressions in corneal epithelium in keratoconus","volume":"42","author":"Ayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.10.015","article-title":"Prolactin-Induced Protein is a novel biomarker for Keratoconus","volume":"179","author":"Sharif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1201-y","article-title":"Acute corneal hydrops during pregnancy with spontaneous resolution after corneal cross-linking for keratoconus: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Stock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182068adc","article-title":"Pregnancy-induced progression of keratoconus","volume":"30","author":"Bilgihan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib181","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Recurrence of keratoconus after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty following pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Gatzioufas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13296","article-title":"Topographic, tomographic and biomechanical corneal changes during pregnancy in patients with keratoconus: a cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Naderan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20130117-11","article-title":"Transitory topographical variations in keratoconus during pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Hoogewoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75135-9","article-title":"Recurrent keratoconus after keratoplasty","volume":"90","author":"Abelson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.05.004","article-title":"Recurrence or Re-emergence of Keratoconus e What is the Evidence Telling Us? Literature Review and Two Case Reports","volume":"12","author":"Bergmanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-11-28","article-title":"A\u00a0case of bilateral self-induced keratoconus in a patient with tourette syndrome associated with compulsive eye rubbing: case report","volume":"11","author":"Kandarakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S737","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20080901-18","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus","volume":"24","author":"Spoerl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12237","article-title":"Risk factors for keratoconus in Israel: a case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Gordon-Shaag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib189","series-title":"Personality correlates of keratoconus. Phenomenol. Treat. Psychophysiological disord.","first-page":"243","author":"Farge","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.045","article-title":"Comorbidity between schizophrenia and keratoconus","volume":"247","author":"Sch\u00fcrhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.192285","article-title":"Progressive keratoconus, retinal detachment, and intracorneal silicone oil with obsessive-compulsive eye rubbing","volume":"9","author":"Panikkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib192","first-page":"270","article-title":"[Acute posttraumatic keratoconus caused by self-mutilation in a patient with obsessive psychoasthenia]","volume":"41","author":"Scullica","year":"1962","journal-title":"Boll Ocul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib193","unstructured":"Gorskova EN, Sevost\u2019ianov EN, Baturin NA. [Results of psychological testing of patients with keratoconus]. Vestn Oftalmol n.d.;114:44-45."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492007000200023","article-title":"Aspectos psicossociais do paciente com ceratocone","volume":"70","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib195","unstructured":"Swartz NG, Cohen EJ, Scott DG, Genvert GI, Arentsen JJ, Laibson PR. Personality and keratoconus. CLAO J n.d.;16:62-64.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060060084038","article-title":"Personality trends in keratoconus: an analysis","volume":"105","author":"Mannis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.7.522","article-title":"Aetiology of keratoconus","volume":"60","author":"Karseras","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000141226.11785.28","article-title":"Personality in keratoconus in a sample of patients derived from the internet","volume":"24","author":"Giedd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"}],"container-title":["The Ocular Surface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542012420300598?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542012420300598?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T04:39:16Z","timestamp":1761539956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542012420300598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542012420300598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0124","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The keratoconus enigma: A review with emphasis on pathogenesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Ocular Surface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}