{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:42:11Z","timestamp":1792755731176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:20:06Z","timestamp":1786742406000},"page":"917-928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolutionary study of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in breast carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Amna","family":"Nazir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Ambreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4969-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194771","article-title":"Enhancing breast cancer treatment using a combination of cannabidiol and gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy","volume":"20","author":"Mokoena D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32648","article-title":"Causes of death after breast cancer diagnosis: a US population-based analysis","volume":"126","author":"Afifi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01576-4","article-title":"Lymph node metastasis in cancer progression: molecular mechanisms, clinical significance and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106784","article-title":"Breast cancer care in Latin America: the ghost burden of a pandemic outbreak","volume":"104","author":"Reyes-Monasterio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1078191","article-title":"Trend of disease burden and risk factors of breast cancer in developing countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib6","first-page":"721","article-title":"Breast cancer: an overview of current therapeutic strategies, challenge, and perspectives","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35325","article-title":"Current and future burden of female breast cancer in the Middle East and North Africa region using estimates from GLOBOCAN 2022","volume":"156","author":"Zahwe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.582","article-title":"Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: functions and roles in cancers","volume":"5","author":"Dakal","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040996","article-title":"The role of genetic mutations in mitochondrial-driven cancer growth in selected tumors: breast and gynecological malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Czegle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib10","series-title":"Genetic predisposition and cancer","first-page":"277","author":"Hansen","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib11","article-title":"Tumour suppressor genes involved in human breast cancer and its applications. An approach to best predicted markers","volume":"49","author":"Munir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rawal Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib12","series-title":"Two tails for neurofibromin: a tale of two microtubule-associated proteins","author":"Peta","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.2174\/1570180820666230227114821","article-title":"Evolutionary history of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes families: the ancestral origin in mammals and duplication patterns","volume":"21","author":"Nawaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett Drug Des Discovery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib14","article-title":"Comparison of somatic mutation landscapes in Chinese versus European breast cancer patients","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Genet Genom Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib15","series-title":"Insights from genetic studies: the role of p53 in hereditary breast cancer syndrome","first-page":"291","author":"Jamwal","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040345","article-title":"Complexity of the genetic background of oncogenesis in ovarian cancer\u2014Genetic instability and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Murawski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14100748","article-title":"Cancer vulnerabilities through targeting the ATR\/Chk1 and ATM\/Chk2 axes in the context of DNA damage","volume":"14","author":"Fernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13001","article-title":"Diversity of \u2018simple\u2019multicellular eukaryotes: 45 independent cases and six types of multicellularity","volume":"98","author":"Lam\u017ca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1134\/S0031030122080044","article-title":"The origin and main trends in the evolution of bilaterally symmetrical animals","volume":"56","author":"Malakhov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paleontol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061380","article-title":"Genetic and non-genetic mechanisms underlying cancer evolution","volume":"13","author":"Shlyakhtina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-022-00429-5","article-title":"Placing human gene families into their evolutionary context","volume":"16","author":"Dornburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Genom"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13481","article-title":"Comparative study of the evolution of cancer gene duplications across fish","volume":"15","author":"Baines","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12050671","article-title":"Chromosomal instability in genome evolution: from cancer to macroevolution","volume":"12","author":"Comaills","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"evab044","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evab044","article-title":"Analysis of paralogons, origin of the vertebrate karyotype, and ancient chromosomes retained in extant species","volume":"13","author":"Lamb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091213","article-title":"Linking vertebrate gene duplications to the new head hypothesis","volume":"12","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab344","article-title":"MicroRNAs as indicators into the causes and consequences of whole-genome duplication events","volume":"39","author":"Peterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad107","article-title":"Dynamics of gene loss following ancient whole-genome duplication in the cryptic paramecium complex","volume":"40","author":"Gout","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1013868","article-title":"Dynamic evolution of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) ion channel family with numerous gene duplications and losses","volume":"13","author":"Morini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-024-00720-6","article-title":"Zebrafish: unraveling genetic complexity through duplicated genes","volume":"234","author":"Tasnim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Gene Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-022-02808-6","article-title":"Parallel evolution of amphioxus and vertebrate small-scale gene duplications","volume":"23","author":"Bras\u00f3-Vives","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009638","article-title":"The impact of whole genome duplications on the human gene regulatory networks","volume":"17","author":"Mottes","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.141786.2","article-title":"Models for the retention of duplicate genes and their biological underpinnings","volume":"12","author":"Assis","year":"2024","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib33","article-title":"Phylogenetic modeling provides evidence for sudden shifts in expression after small-scale duplication in vertebrates and strong support for the ortholog conjecture","author":"Begum","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0401-7","article-title":"Peto's paradox: how has evolution solved the problem of cancer prevention?","volume":"15","author":"Tollis","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaa015","article-title":"Lifetime cancer prevalence and life history traits in mammals","volume":"2020","author":"Boddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol Med Publ Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab127","article-title":"Elephant genomes reveal accelerated evolution in mechanisms underlying disease defenses","volume":"38","author":"Tollis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbn017","article-title":"MEGA: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Briefings Bioinf"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13134","article-title":"Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans","volume":"314","author":"Abegglen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.06.016","article-title":"Retention of duplicated genes in evolution","volume":"38","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1168143","article-title":"Paralog-based synthetic lethality: rationales and applications","volume":"13","author":"Xin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib41","article-title":"Paralog dispensability shapes homozygous deletion patterns in tumor genomes","volume":"19","author":"De","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00956-5","article-title":"Advances in synthetic lethality for cancer therapy: cellular mechanism and clinical translation","volume":"13","author":"Topatana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109597","article-title":"Discovery of synthetic lethal and tumor suppressor paralog pairs in the human genome","volume":"36","author":"Parrish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103756","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of \"undruggable\" MYC","volume":"75","author":"Llombart","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib45","series-title":"The main cancer theories in focus. Cancer: an integrative approach: principles and strategies-from precision targeting to process oncology","first-page":"51","author":"Paul","year":"2026"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0004-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of cancer resistance in long-lived mammals","volume":"18","author":"Seluanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-050322-074744","article-title":"The naked mole-rat as a model for healthy aging","volume":"11","author":"Oka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rev Anim Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-025-10221-2","article-title":"Structural features of DNA and their potential contribution to blind mole rat (Nannospalax xanthodon) longevity","volume":"26","author":"S\u00f6nmez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/10c47668-8c49-48d2-ba65-60420af463b6","article-title":"Sloth hair as a novel source of fungi with potent anti-parasitic, anti-cancer and anti-bacterial bioactivity","volume":"9","author":"Higginbotham","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0258R1.1","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma in a nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"G1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5802\/crbiol.159","article-title":"Oncogenic processes: a neglected parameter in the evolutionary ecology of animals","volume":"347","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"C R Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-023-10092-6","article-title":"The mystery of cancer resistance: a revelation within nature","volume":"91","author":"Trivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-025-00080-3","article-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupling, energy substrate utilization, and brown adipose tissue as therapeutic targets in cancer","volume":"3","author":"Ragni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Metabolic Health Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib54","series-title":"Molecular evolution of tumor suppressor gene promoters in bats: unraveling peto's paradox with phylogenetic and TFBS enrichment studies","author":"Chaves","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa125","article-title":"The evolution of human cancer gene duplications across mammals","volume":"37","author":"Tollis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1658361226000983?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1658361226000983?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:24:23Z","timestamp":1792754663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1658361226000983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1658361226000983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-3612"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-3612","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evolutionary study of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in breast carcinoma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtumed.2026.07.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}