{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:12:32Z","timestamp":1774624352439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Utilities Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T05:42:05Z","timestamp":1611726125000},"page":"101175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Wind of change: Small-scale electricity production and distribution-grid efficiency in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6044-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattias","family":"Vesterberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2015.0378","article-title":"Integration of renewable distributed generators into the distribution system: a review","volume":"10","author":"Adefarati","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11123-005-1327-6","article-title":"DEA And dynamic yardstick competition in scandinavian electricity distribution","volume":"23","author":"Agrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Prod. Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2006.09.001","article-title":"Cost and quality gains from diversification and vertical integration in the electricity industry: a DEA approach","volume":"30","author":"Arocena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2015.2514191","article-title":"The impacts of distributed energy sources on distribution network reconfiguration","volume":"31","author":"Asrari","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1070.0460","article-title":"Evaluating contextual variables affecting productivity using data envelopment analysis","volume":"56","author":"Banker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper. Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1080\/01605682.2017.1398202","article-title":"Efficiency evaluation of electricity distribution utilities in India: A two-stage DEA with bootstrap estimation","volume":"69","author":"Bobde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.09.034","article-title":"Efficiency and productivity (TFP) of the turkish electricity distribution companies: an application of two-stage (DEA&Tobit) analysis","volume":"63","author":"\u00c7elen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.11.011","article-title":"Towards a future with large penetration of distributed generation: is the current regulation of electricity distribution ready? Regulatory recommendations under a European perspective","volume":"37","author":"Cossent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2013.05.007","article-title":"Best-practice benchmarking using clustering methods: application to energy regulation","volume":"42","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/ectj.12103","article-title":"Central limit theorems for conditional efficiency measures and tests of the separability condition in non-parametric, two-stage models of production","volume":"21","author":"Daraio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econom. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-7655(03)00045-9","article-title":"International benchmarking of electricity distribution utilities","volume":"25","author":"Edvardsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Resour. Energy Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b12","article-title":"Methods for determining efficiency improvement requirements in the revenue regulator of electricity distribution (Swedish title: Metodik f\u00f6r best\u00e4mning av effektiviseringskrav i int\u00e4ktsramsregleringen f\u00f6r eln\u00e4tsf\u00f6retag)","author":"Energimarknadsinspektionen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energimarknadsinspektionen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b13","series-title":"Scenarios for Sweden\u2019s energy system (Swedish title: Scenarier \u00f6ver sveriges energisystem energimyndigheten)","author":"Energimyndigheten","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b14","article-title":"Application of a robust data envelopment analysis model for performance evaluation of electricity distribution companies","author":"Fallahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Sect. Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2017.11.016","article-title":"Persistent and transient productive inefficiency in a regulated industry: electricity distribution","volume":"69","author":"Filippini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-7655(97)00028-6","article-title":"Productivity development of norwegian electricity distribution utilities","volume":"20","author":"F\u00f8rsund","year":"1998","journal-title":"Resour. Energy Econ."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.04.021","article-title":"Benchmarking and incentive regulation of quality of service: an application to the UK electricity distribution networks","volume":"33","author":"Giannakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.2307\/3440259","article-title":"Productivity in Swedish electricity retail distribution","author":"Hjalmarsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.38.3.jjen","article-title":"Improved regulatory approaches for the remuneration of electricity distribution utilities with high penetrations of distributed energy resources","volume":"38","author":"Jenkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy J."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023355202795","article-title":"Evaluation of cost efficiency in finnish electricity distribution","volume":"121","author":"Korhonen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.38.5.skum","article-title":"Yardstick regulation of electricity distribution\u2013disentangling short-run and long-run inefficiencies","volume":"38","author":"Kumbhakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.41.3.skum","article-title":"Disentangling costs of persistent and transient technical inefficiency and input misallocation: The case of norwegian electricity distribution firms","volume":"41","author":"Kumbhakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2012.03.005","article-title":"Stochastic semi-nonparametric frontier estimation of electricity distribution networks: application of the stoned method in the finnish regulatory model","volume":"34","author":"Kuosmanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b24","series-title":"National survey report of PV power applications","author":"Lindahl","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b25","first-page":"6","article-title":"Using the latent class approach to cluster firms in benchmarking: An application to the US electricity transmission industry","volume":"1","author":"Llorca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oper Res. Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.41.2.elun","article-title":"Effects of privatization on price and labor efficiency: the swedish electricity distribution sector","volume":"41","author":"Lundin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2018.10.015","article-title":"Impact of solar PV self-consumption policies on distribution networks and regulatory implications","volume":"176","author":"Mateo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b28","article-title":"Economies of scope and scale in the norwegian electricity industry","author":"Mydland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b29","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Energimarknadsinspektionens f\u00f6reskrifter om int\u00e4ktsramar f\u00f6r eln\u00e4tsf\u00f6retag","author":"Pandur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ei R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2005.07.009","article-title":"Estimation and inference in two-stage, semi-parametric models of production processes","volume":"136","author":"Simar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Econometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11123-011-0230-6","article-title":"Two-stage DEA: caveat emptor","volume":"36","author":"Simar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Prod. Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1049\/oap-cired.2017.1021","article-title":"Analyses of the current Swedish revenue cap regulation","volume":"2017","author":"Wallnerstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"CIRED-Open Access Proc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.11.016","article-title":"Measuring the efficiency of grid companies in China: A bootstrapping non-parametric meta-frontier approach","volume":"174","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2015.12.023","article-title":"Energy efficiency in Swedish industry: A firm-level data envelopment analysis","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Econ."}],"container-title":["Utilities Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957178721000096?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957178721000096?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T02:44:15Z","timestamp":1760669055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957178721000096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0957178721000096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-1787"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-1787","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Wind of change: Small-scale electricity production and distribution-grid efficiency in Sweden","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Utilities Policy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101175","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101175"}}