{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:23:58Z","timestamp":1792643038810,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,10]],"date-time":"2007-11-10T07:15:37Z","timestamp":1194678937000},"page":"2268-2276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["Lichen Sclerosus: Review of the Literature and Current Recommendations for Management"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen F.","family":"Morey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000179635.64663.3d","article-title":"An overview of lichen sclerosus","volume":"48","author":"Val","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08228-2","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus","volume":"353","author":"Powell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00634.x","article-title":"Urethroplasty for balanitis xerotica obliterans","volume":"81","author":"Venn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007083","article-title":"Balanitis xerotica obliterans\u2014a review","volume":"18","author":"Das","year":"2000","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462054308440","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus","volume":"16","author":"Yesudian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus","volume":"57","author":"Wallace","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06721.x","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in the Bantu","volume":"91","author":"Dogliotti","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib8","first-page":"327","article-title":"Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2005.22404.x","article-title":"High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study","volume":"22","author":"Kiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2000.00772.x","article-title":"The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans","volume":"86","author":"Depasquale","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1951.01570110090013","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and related disorders","volume":"64","author":"Laymon","year":"1951","journal-title":"AMA Arch Derm Syphilol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1971.tb12073.x","article-title":"Balanitis xerotica obliterans and urinary obstruction","volume":"43","author":"Bainbridge","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.04.035","article-title":"Heroic measures may not always be justified in extensive urethral stricture due to lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans)","volume":"64","author":"Peterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00878.x","article-title":"Nail dystrophy due to lichen sclerosus?","volume":"26","author":"Ramrakha-Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.129185","article-title":"Oral lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: a case report","volume":"94","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib16","first-page":"549","article-title":"Penile urethral reconstruction: concepts and concerns","volume":"56","author":"Barbagli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2004.12.003","article-title":"Immune dysregulation in lichen sclerosus","volume":"84","author":"Regauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1988.tb01748.x","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity\u2014a study of 350 women","volume":"118","author":"MeyrickThomas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03407.x","article-title":"Is morphoea caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?","volume":"142","author":"Weide","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015085.x","article-title":"Human papillomavirus is present in some cases of childhood penile lichen sclerosus: an in situ hybridization and SP-PCR study","volume":"15","author":"Drut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02082.x","article-title":"UVA1 phototherapy for genital lichen sclerosus","volume":"31","author":"Beattie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90942-Z","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, and human papillomavirus","volume":"162","author":"Neill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02045.x","article-title":"Cutaneous reactions at sites of herpes zoster scars: an expanded spectrum","volume":"138","author":"Requena","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05707.x","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus-lichen planus overlap in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"150","author":"Yashar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(98)00033-1","article-title":"Evidence of androgen receptor expression in lichen sclerosus: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"5","author":"Kohlberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib26","first-page":"295","article-title":"Testosterone propionate ointment\u2014a therapeutic trial in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus","volume":"38","author":"Skierlo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1982.tb02070.x","article-title":"The Koebner phenomenon","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000247872","article-title":"Koebner phenomenon in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus","volume":"181","author":"Pock","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib29","first-page":"36","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following sunburn","volume":"13","author":"Milligan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.121.8.1044","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following radiation therapy","volume":"121","author":"Yates","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib31","first-page":"405","article-title":"An unusual variant of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: delayed appearance in a surgical scar","volume":"33","author":"Pass","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib32","first-page":"715","article-title":"Cutaneous diseases of the male external genitalia","volume":"vol 1","author":"Margolis","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04287.x","article-title":"High incidence of lichen sclerosus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis","volume":"145","author":"Powell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02502.x","article-title":"The epithelial changes associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a review of the clinical, histological and viral findings in 78 women","volume":"97","author":"Leibowitch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70245-8","article-title":"Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus","volume":"41","author":"Nasca","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200407000-00008","article-title":"Pseudohyperplastic squamous cell carcinoma of the penis associated with lichen sclerosus","volume":"28","author":"Cubilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-200101000-00062","article-title":"The response of balanitis xerotica obliterans to local steroid application compared with placebo in children","volume":"165","author":"Kiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib38","first-page":"37","article-title":"Clinical and histologic effects of topical treatments of vulval lichen sclerosus","volume":"38","author":"Bracco","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib39","first-page":"677","article-title":"Topical testosterone for benign vulvar dystrophy","volume":"37","author":"Friedrich","year":"1971","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(94)90309-3","article-title":"Topical testosterone in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus","volume":"46","author":"Sideri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70021-4","article-title":"Acitretin in the treatment of severe lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"30","author":"Bousema","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2002.00392_10.x","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the scalp: satisfactory response to acitretin","volume":"16","author":"Basak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70251-8","article-title":"Oral stanozolol in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus","volume":"38","author":"Parsad","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01208.x","article-title":"Extensive lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with bullae and ulceration\u2014improvement with hydroxychloroquine","volume":"19","author":"Wakelin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)80332-1","article-title":"Treatment of lichen sclerosus with potassium para-aminobenzoate","volume":"10","author":"Penneys","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib46","first-page":"23","article-title":"Oral calcitriol: a new therapeutic agent in cutaneous lichen sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Ronger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.119186","article-title":"Perineoplasty for the treatment of introital stenosis related to vulvar lichen sclerosus","volume":"186","author":"Rouzier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.08.062","article-title":"Fossa navicularis reconstruction: impact of stricture length on outcomes and assessment of extended meatoplasty (first-stage Johanson) maneuver","volume":"177","author":"Morey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00032-0","article-title":"Muscular, myocutaneous, and fasciocutaneous flaps in complex urethral reconstruction","volume":"29","author":"Zinman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib50","first-page":"189","article-title":"When and how to use buccal mucosa grafts in penile and bulbar urethroplasty","volume":"56","author":"Barbagli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nefrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00033-2","article-title":"Experimental and clinical experience with tissue engineering techniques for urethral reconstruction","volume":"29","author":"Atala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36125-6","article-title":"Reconstruction of extensive urethral strictures: circular fasciocutaneous penile flap","volume":"149","author":"McAninch","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib53","first-page":"25","article-title":"Penile urethroplasty: techniques and outcomes using buccal mucosal grafts","volume":"18","author":"Barbagli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contemp Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1610-0387.2003.03517.x","article-title":"Cryosurgery\u2014the last resort or a surgical alternative in the treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva (LSAV)?","volume":"1","author":"Kastner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(82)90615-X","article-title":"Continuous wave carbon dioxide treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans","volume":"19","author":"Rosemberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022534707019957?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022534707019957?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jurology.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T16:27:34Z","timestamp":1784910454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1109200.565202","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-5347","1527-3792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5347","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-3792","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}}}