{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:36:16Z","timestamp":1787884576749,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T08:12:16Z","timestamp":1710835936000},"page":"20-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Efficacy and safety of antiarrhythmic therapy in dogs with naturally acquired tachyarrhythmias treated with amiodarone or sotalol: a retrospective analysis of 64 cases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-1601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Romito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1902-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Gemma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8259-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Dondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3871-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Mazzoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Fasoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Cipone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb49405.x","article-title":"Spontaneous arrhythmias and conduction disturbances in domestic animals","volume":"127","author":"Buchanan","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib2","series-title":"Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy","first-page":"737","article-title":"Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in dogs","author":"Pariaut","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0013","article-title":"Prevalence of arrhythmias in dogs examined between 2008 and 2014","volume":"61","author":"Noszczyk-Nowak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061645","article-title":"Lorenz plot analysis in dogs with sinus rhythm and tachyarrhythmias","volume":"11","author":"Romito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1002\/vro2.35","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of arrhythmias in dogs: a cross-sectional online survey among Flemish veterinary practitioners","volume":"9","author":"Hellemans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.04.002","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation: current therapies","volume":"47","author":"Pariaut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15248","article-title":"Atrioventricular accessory pathways in 89 dogs: clinical features and outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation","volume":"32","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.03.012","article-title":"Management of cardiac emergencies in small animals","volume":"43","author":"DeFrancesco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib9","series-title":"Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy","first-page":"745","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias in dogs","author":"Oyama","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib10","series-title":"Drugs for the Heart","first-page":"272","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic drugs and strategies","author":"Nattel","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01806.x","article-title":"Oral amiodarone therapy in dogs with atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"Saunders","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0227.x","article-title":"Toxicity in Doberman Pinchers with ventricular arrhythmias treated with amiodarone (1996-2005)","volume":"23","author":"Kraus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01142.x","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the use of amiodarone in dogs with arrhythmias (from 2003 to 2010)","volume":"53","author":"Pedro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.522","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of four antiarrhythmic treatments for familial ventricular arrhythmias in Boxers","volume":"221","author":"Meurs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2010.06.001","article-title":"Combination therapy with mexiletine and sotalol suppresses inherited ventricular arrhythmias in German shepherd dogs better than mexiletine or sotalol monotherapy: a randomized cross-over study","volume":"12","author":"Gelzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15224","article-title":"Acute echocardiographic effects of sotalol on ventricular systolic function in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"32","author":"Visser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib17","first-page":"883","article-title":"Sotalol: a new class III antiarrhythmic agent","volume":"12","author":"Zanetti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct065916","article-title":"Amiodarone for atrial fibrillation","volume":"356","author":"Zimetbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.11.1312","article-title":"Prescribing amiodarone: an evidence-based review of clinical indications","volume":"298","author":"Vassallo","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1933","article-title":"Positive Coombs' test results in two dogs treated with amiodarone","volume":"216","author":"Calvert","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb01506.x","article-title":"Hepatopathy in 4 dogs treated with amiodarone","volume":"14","author":"Jacobs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib22","first-page":"325","article-title":"Effects of chronic, oral amiodarone on left ventricular pressure, electrocardiograms, and action potentials from myocardium in\u00a0vivo and from Purkinje fibers in\u00a0vitro","volume":"2","author":"Bicer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00208.x","article-title":"Amiodarone-induced keratopathy in healthy dogs","volume":"5","author":"Bicer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02365.x","article-title":"Effects of chronic oral amiodarone on left ventricular function, ECGs, serum chemistries, and exercise tolerance in healthy dogs","volume":"16","author":"Bicer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2019.07.001","article-title":"Inotropic and chronotropic effects of sotalol in healthy dogs","volume":"25","author":"Treseder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2879","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of a six-lead smartphone-based electrocardiographic device compared with standard electrocardiography in brachymorphic dogs","author":"Romito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16166","article-title":"Cardiac diagnostic test results and outcomes in 44 dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"35","author":"Matthews","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib28","series-title":"Essentials of Canine and Feline Electrocardiography: Interpretation and Treatment","first-page":"40","article-title":"The approach to the electrocardiogram","author":"Tilley","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(97)00098-1","article-title":"T corrected for heart rate and relation between QT and RR intervals in beagle dogs","volume":"38","author":"Matsunaga","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib30","series-title":"Veterinary Echocardiography","first-page":"153","article-title":"Evaluation of size, function, and hemodynamics","author":"Boon","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.08.004","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Bonagura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4250\/jcu.2011.19.2.51","article-title":"Role of echocardiography in atrial fibrillation","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2017.11.017","article-title":"Echocardiography and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"59","author":"Constantinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0301.x","article-title":"Combination therapy with digoxin and diltiazem controls ventricular rate in chronic atrial fibrillation in dogs better than digoxin or diltiazem monotherapy: a randomized crossover study in 18 dogs","volume":"23","author":"Gelzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12363","article-title":"Evaluation of in-hospital electrocardiography versus 24-hour Holter for rate control in dogs with atrial fibrillation","volume":"56","author":"Gelzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib36","series-title":"Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine","first-page":"502","article-title":"Drugs used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias","author":"Kittleson","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib37","series-title":"Guide to Canine and Feline Electrocardiography","first-page":"241","article-title":"Anti-arrhythmic drugs","author":"da Silva","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib38","series-title":"Electrocardiography of the Dog and Cat - Diagnosis of Arrhythmia","first-page":"293","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes secondary to systemic disorders and drugs","author":"Santilli","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib39","series-title":"Electrocardiography of the Dog and Cat - Diagnosis of Arrhythmia","first-page":"35","article-title":"Formation and interpretation of the electrocardiographic waves","author":"Santilli","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15331","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Acierno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib41","series-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","first-page":"671","article-title":"Systemic hypotension","author":"Waddell","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib42","series-title":"Veterinary Echocardiography","first-page":"381","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy","author":"Boon","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15093","article-title":"Prognostic value of echocardiographic indices of left atrial morphology and function in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"32","author":"Baron Toaldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.09.004","article-title":"Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Wess","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2022.06.005","article-title":"Total bilirubin is an independent predictor of death in dogs with degenerative valvular disease and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"43","author":"Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.19.2025","article-title":"Evidence-based analysis of amiodarone efficacy and safety","volume":"100","author":"Connolly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80414-4","article-title":"Multicenter trial of sotalol for suppression of frequent, complex ventricular arrhythmias: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of two doses","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib49","series-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib50","first-page":"265","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in Boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12550","article-title":"Sudden death associated with QT interval prolongation and KCNQ1 gene mutation in a family of English Springer Spaniels","volume":"29","author":"Ware","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.09.005","article-title":"Heart rhythm characterization during sudden cardiac death in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Santilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14740\/jmc3394","article-title":"Isolated neutropenia: an unexplored\u00a0side effect of amiodarone","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2006.03.011","article-title":"Safety pharmacology assessment of drug-induced QT-prolongation in dogs with reduced repolarization reserve","volume":"54","author":"Vormberge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1760273424000250?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1760273424000250?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T02:19:19Z","timestamp":1719541159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1760273424000250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S1760273424000250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1760-2734"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1760-2734","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy and safety of antiarrhythmic therapy in dogs with naturally acquired tachyarrhythmias treated with amiodarone or sotalol: a retrospective analysis of 64 cases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvc.2024.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}