{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T21:18:34Z","timestamp":1787865514618,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:13:19Z","timestamp":1776787999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence-based medical therapy for mitral regurgitation in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0997-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.P.","family":"Mochel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.L.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.A.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01075.x","article-title":"Controlled clinical evaluation of enalapril in dogs with heart failure: results of the cooperative veterinary enalapril study group","volume":"9","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01074.x","article-title":"Acute and short-term hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and clinical effects of enalapril maleate in dogs with naturally acquired heart failure: results of the Invasive Multicenter PROspective Veterinary Evaluation of Enalapril study","volume":"9","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1760-2734(06)70025-X","article-title":"The effect of benazepril on survival times and clinical signs of dogs with congestive heart failure: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, long-term clinical trial","volume":"1","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00170.x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of imidapril in congestive heart failure in dogs: results of the EFFIC study","volume":"48","author":"Besche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0467.x","article-title":"Efficacy of spironolactone on survival in dogs with naturally occurring mitral regurgitation caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"24","author":"Bernay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16155","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of a benazepril and spironolactone combination in dogs with congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease: the BEnazepril Spironolactone STudy (BESST)","volume":"35","author":"Coffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16236","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of a dose-dependent effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on long-term outcome in dogs with cardiac disease","volume":"35","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.77.4.721","article-title":"Neurohormonal interactions and adaptations in congestive heart failure","volume":"77","author":"Packer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.6.1849","article-title":"Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"83","author":"Weber","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.11.1573","article-title":"Effects of enalapril maleate on survival of dogs with naturally acquired heart failure. The Long-Term Investigation of Veterinary Enalapril (LIVE) study group","volume":"213","author":"Ettinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000060688.57053.7E","article-title":"Commentary on Tikellis et al: there is more to discover about angiotensin-converting enzyme","volume":"41","author":"Ferrario","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000130564.75008.F5","article-title":"Angiotensin II, via AT1 and AT2 receptors and NF-kappaB pathway, regulates the inflammatory response in unilateral ureteral obstruction","volume":"15","author":"Esteban","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2016","article-title":"The ACE2\/Angiotensin-(1-7)\/MAS axis of the renin-angiotensin system: focus on Angiotensin-(1-7)","volume":"98","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000187500.24964.7A","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor blocker increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in congestive heart failure patients","volume":"97","author":"Keidar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29771-x","article-title":"Dose-response of benazepril on biomarkers of the classical and alternative pathways of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs","volume":"13","author":"Sotillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30453-x","article-title":"Breakthrough: a first-in-class virtual simulator for dose optimization of ACE inhibitors in translational cardiovascular medicine","volume":"13","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298030","article-title":"Comprehensive characterization of the effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism with spironolactone on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy dogs","volume":"19","author":"Masters","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17255","article-title":"Dose-exposure-response of CARDALIS\u00ae (benazepril\/spironolactone) on the classical and alternative arms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy dogs","volume":"39","author":"Manson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/16.suppl_N.12","article-title":"Structural remodelling of the heart by fibrous tissue: role of circulating hormones and locally produced peptides","volume":"16","author":"Weber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1740","article-title":"Clinical implications of increased plasma angiotensin II despite ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Roig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12216","article-title":"The effect of enalapril on furosemide-activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy dogs","volume":"38","author":"Lantis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12154","article-title":"Aldosterone breakthrough with benazepril in furosemide-activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal dogs","volume":"38","author":"Lantis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2017.03.001","article-title":"Aldosterone breakthrough in dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"19","author":"Ames","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2018.07.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of telmisartan on drug-induced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in normal dogs","volume":"20","author":"Konta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.11.037","article-title":"Sacubitril\/valsartan (LCZ696) significantly reduces aldosterone and increases cGMP circulating levels in a canine model of RAAS activation","volume":"128","author":"Mochel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.807275","article-title":"Chronobiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs: relation to blood pressure and renal physiology","volume":"30","author":"Mochel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.897711","article-title":"Influence of feeding schedules on the chronobiology of renin activity, urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Mochel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2015_27","article-title":"Chronobiology and pharmacologic modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs: what have we learned?","volume":"169","author":"Mochel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.06.035","article-title":"Chronotherapy: diurnal efficacy of captopril (abstract)","volume":"11","author":"Tata","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.130203","article-title":"Chronotherapy with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in essential hypertension: improved blood pressure control with bedtime dosing","volume":"54","author":"Hermida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.022","article-title":"The primary benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on cardiac remodeling occur during sleep time in murine pressure overload hypertrophy","volume":"57","author":"Martino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001184","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: a presidential advisory from the American heart association","volume":"148","author":"Ndumele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14829","article-title":"Interconnection between cardiovascular, renal and metabolic disorders: a narrative review with a focus on Japan","volume":"24","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.12.1182","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular and renal diseases","volume":"83","author":"Matsubara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.11.1223","article-title":"Angiotensin II induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in rat vasculature: a potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Tummala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib36","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular inflammation and remodeling","volume":"2014","author":"Pacurari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-011-9109-z","article-title":"Angiotensin II infusion-induced inflammation, monocytic fibroblast precursor infiltration, and cardiac fibrosis are pressure dependent","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680209500804","article-title":"Targeting the renin-angiotensin system in patients with renal disease","volume":"95","author":"Devonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","article-title":"Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure","volume":"42","author":"Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0711","article-title":"Addition of pioglitazone and ramipril to intensive insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients improves vascular dysfunction by different mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Fernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70634-X","article-title":"Lymphocyte-suppressing action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in coronary artery disease patients with normal blood pressure","volume":"63","author":"Krysiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(12)70944-1","article-title":"Different effects of perindopril and enalapril on monocyte cytokine release in coronary artery disease patients with normal blood pressure","volume":"64","author":"Krysiak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810293391804","article-title":"Effect of bradykinin-receptor blockade on the response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in normotensive and hypertensive subjects","volume":"339","author":"Gainer","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3282f2903c","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappaB as a hormonal intracellular signaling molecule: focus on angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular and renal injury","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-4572.2008.07117.x","article-title":"Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on levels of inflammatory markers in response to exercise-induced stress: studies in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Vaccari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cardiometab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.173542","article-title":"High-dose treatment with telmisartan induces monocytic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 target genes in patients with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"58","author":"B\u00e4hr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.06.036","article-title":"Effect of the renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"97","author":"Awad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1219907","article-title":"TNF superfamily control of tissue remodeling and fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Steele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1517\/14728221003642027","article-title":"Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"14","author":"Pimentel-Nunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa758","article-title":"HOMAGE trial committees and investigators. The effect of spironolactone on cardiovascular function and markers of fibrosis in people at increased risk of developing heart failure: the heart 'OMics' in AGEing (HOMAGE) randomized clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Cleland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.11.010","article-title":"Proteomic and mechanistic analysis of spironolactone in patients at risk for HF","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.22.2700","article-title":"Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: insights from the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES). Rales investigators","volume":"102","author":"Zannad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1716","volume":"22","author":"Pellicori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02249.x","article-title":"Spironolactone inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and has potential in the treatment of arthritis","volume":"134","author":"Bendtzen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2014.921690","article-title":"Spironolactone inhibits production of proinflammatory mediators in response to lipopolysaccharide via inactivation of nuclear factor-\u03baB","volume":"36","author":"Kato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib56","series-title":"Evaluating the anti-inflammatory effects of the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone on canine PBMCs [conference abstract]","author":"Catucci","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15863","article-title":"Efficacy of adding ramipril (VAsotop) to the combination of furosemide (Lasix) and pimobendan (VEtmedin) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration: the VALVE trial","volume":"34","author":"Wess","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16035","article-title":"Letter to the editor regarding \"Efficacy of adding ramipril (VAsotop) to the combination of furosemide (Lasix) and pimobendan (VEtmedin) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration: the VALVE trial\"","volume":"35","author":"Atkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of dual, triple, and quadruple medical therapy on cardiac death in a retrospective cohort of dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease at American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage C: is more necessarily better?","volume":"263","author":"Romito","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Keene","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.7.1061","article-title":"Results of the veterinary enalapril trial to prove reduction in onset of heart failure in dogs chronically treated with enalapril alone for compensated, naturally occurring mitral valve insufficiency","volume":"231","author":"Atkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01610.x","article-title":"Efficacy of enalapril for prevention of congestive heart failure in dogs with myxomatous valve disease and asymptomatic mitral regurgitation","volume":"16","author":"Kvart","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000322","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with an ACE gene polymorphism and myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"28","author":"Meurs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2019.12.002","article-title":"DELay of appearance of sYmptoms of canine degenerative mitral valve disease treated with spironolactone and Benazepril: the DELAY study","volume":"27","author":"Borgarelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2022.02.001","article-title":"The longitudinal outcome of canine (K9) myxomatous mitral valve disease (LOOK-Mitral) registry: baseline treatment characteristics","volume":"41","author":"Franchini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780618830","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in veterinary medicine","volume":"13","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00601.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic relationships for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Toutain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35394-7","article-title":"New insights on effect of kidney insufficiency on disposition of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: case of enalapril and benazepril in dogs","volume":"292","author":"Toutain","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02160.x","article-title":"Effects of renal impairment on the disposition of orally administered enalapril, benazepril, and their active metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Lefebvre","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02888.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of ramipril and ramiprilat in healthy dogs and dogs with reduced glomerular filtration rate","volume":"20","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600701005","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of captopril in dogs and monkeys","volume":"70","author":"Singhvi","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2012.31252","article-title":"Effects of captopril on factors affecting gastric mucosal integrity in aspirin-induced gastric lesions in sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib73","series-title":"Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology","first-page":"380","article-title":"Drugs used in the management of heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias","author":"Gordon","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.8.844","article-title":"Maximally recommended doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do not completely prevent ACE-mediated formation of angiotensin II in chronic heart failure","volume":"101","author":"Jorde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.02.016","article-title":"Determinants of increased angiotensin II levels in severe chronic heart failure patients despite ACE inhibition","volume":"106","author":"van de Wal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2012.01406.x","article-title":"Capturing the dynamics of systemic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) peptides heightens the understanding of the effect of benazepril in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Mochel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H137","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00618.2015","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: the good, bad, and absolute?","volume":"310","author":"Chappell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.017","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system fingerprints of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"68","author":"Pavo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0575","article-title":"The incidence and implications of aldosterone breakthrough","volume":"3","author":"Bomback","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(03)00913-0","article-title":"Aldosterone breakthrough during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy","volume":"16","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.12.1041","article-title":"Effects of high doses of enalapril and benazepril on the pharmacologically activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in clinically normal dogs","volume":"76","author":"Ames","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","article-title":"Eplerenone post-acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction","volume":"348","author":"Pitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009492","article-title":"Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms","volume":"364","author":"Zannad","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01235.x","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of low-dose spironolactone as adjunct treatment to conventional congestive heart failure treatment in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Schuller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12141","article-title":"Safety of spironolactone in dogs with chronic heart failure because of degenerative valvular disease: a population-based, longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2007.08.002","article-title":"Influence of combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and spironolactone on serum K+, Mg 2+, and Na+ concentrations in small dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease","volume":"9","author":"Thomason","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16097","article-title":"Effect of spironolactone and benazepril on furosemide-induced diuresis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in normal dogs","volume":"35","author":"Adin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200209000-00001","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of novel cardiotonic agents","volume":"40","author":"Endoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(91)50102-9","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of milrinone for treating heart failure in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Kittleson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0150.x","article-title":"Effect of pimobendan or benazepril hydrochloride on survival times in dogs with congestive heart failure caused by naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease: the QUEST study","volume":"22","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12181","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of quality of life, clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease receiving pimobendan or benazepril: the QUEST study","volume":"27","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2023.107278","article-title":"Assessment of sarcomere shortening and calcium transient in primary human and dog ventricular myocytes","volume":"123","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.024","article-title":"Randomized clinical trials with levosimendan","volume":"96","author":"Mebazaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14586","article-title":"Effect of pimobendan in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease and cardiomegaly: the EPIC Study-A randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Boswood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14885","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of quality of life, clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease receiving pimobendan or placebo: the EPIC study","volume":"32","author":"Boswood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.373","article-title":"Effects of pimobendan for mitral valve regurgitation in dogs","volume":"69","author":"Kanno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16537","article-title":"Effect of standard-dose and high-dose pimobendan on select indices of renal and cardiac function in dogs with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"36","author":"Kaplan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12243","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects following a single oral administration of a nonaqueous pimobendan solution in healthy dogs","volume":"39","author":"Yata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00423","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of pimobendan and its metabolite O-Desmethyl-Pimobendan following rectal administration to healthy dogs","volume":"7","author":"Her","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.656902","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of injectable pimobendan and its metabolite, O-Desmethyl-Pimobendan, in healthy dogs","volume":"8","author":"Pichayapaiboon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16891","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of pimobendan after oral administration to dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"37","author":"McManamey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2011.10.001","article-title":"Use of the loop diuretic torsemide in three dogs with advanced heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Oyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(02)00122-8","article-title":"Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study","volume":"4","author":"Cos\u00edn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14841","article-title":"TEST study investigators. Short-term efficacy and safety of torasemide and furosemide in 366 dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: the TEST study","volume":"31","author":"Chetboul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02998-4","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and diuretic effect of furosemide after single intravenous, oral tablet, and newly developed oral disintegrating film administration in healthy beagle dogs","volume":"17","author":"Koh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.10.1058","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of furosemide and torsemide in healthy dogs","volume":"68","author":"Hori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01011.x","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in the anaesthetized dog","volume":"15","author":"Hirai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1057","article-title":"The effects of the loop diuretics furosemide and torasemide on diuresis in dogs and cats","volume":"65","author":"Uechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00151","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics modeling of torasemide and furosemide after oral repeated administration in healthy dogs","volume":"7","author":"Pelligand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12313","article-title":"Multiple comparison procedure and modeling: a versatile tool for evaluating dose-response relationships in veterinary pharmacology - a case study with furosemide","volume":"39","author":"Bieth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02164.x","article-title":"Increased splenic capacity in response to transdermal application of nitroglycerine in the dog","volume":"13","author":"Parameswaran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02988.x","article-title":"Effects of 4 classes of cardiovascular drugs on ventricular function in dogs with mitral regurgitation","volume":"21","author":"Nakayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00880158","article-title":"Hemodynamic response of a canine model of chronic heart failure to intravenous dobutamine, nitroprusside, enalaprilat, and digoxin","volume":"7","author":"Sabbah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6730","article-title":"Treatment of congestive heart failure with intravenous nitroglycerin in three dogs with degenerative valvular disease","volume":"56","author":"Achiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.182.11.1205","article-title":"Oral hydralazine therapy for chronic mitral regurgitation in the dog","volume":"182","author":"Kittleson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.11.1645","article-title":"Effects of long-term treatment with enalapril or hydralazine on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and fluid balance in dogs with naturally acquired mitral valve regurgitation","volume":"57","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-166","article-title":"Comparative effects of amlodipine and benazepril on left atrial pressure in dogs with experimentally-induced mitral valve regurgitation","volume":"8","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vro2.33","article-title":"Amlodipine decreases mitral regurgitation volume in dogs over 7 days: a study of 24 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib120","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Survival and echocardiographic data in dogs with congestive heart failure caused by mitral valve disease and treated by multiple drugs: a retrospective study of 21 cases","volume":"52","author":"de Madron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15725","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and monitoring of pulmonary hypertension in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Reinero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0517.x","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01947.x","article-title":"Sildenafil citrate therapy in 22 dogs with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Kellum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00711.x","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of sildenafil citrate as a therapy for pulmonary hypertension in dogs","volume":"20","author":"Bach","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2260-2268","article-title":"Short-term effects of sildenafil in the treatment of dogs with pulmonary hypertension secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease","volume":"13","author":"Saetang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0016","article-title":"Sildenafil improves heart rate variability in dogs with asymptomatic myxomatous mitral valve degeneration","volume":"79","author":"Pirintr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0372","article-title":"Long-term effect of sildenafil on echocardiographic parameters in dogs with asymptomatic myxomatous mitral valve degeneration","volume":"79","author":"Kijtawornrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-143-37474","article-title":"The effect of hydrochlorothiazide on water, cation and norepinephrine content of cardiovascular tissues of normotensive dogs","volume":"143","author":"Kusumoto","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2025.05.009","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of hydrochlorothiazide in dogs with relapsing congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease: a retrospective analysis of 38 cases","volume":"60","author":"Romito","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2025.09.005","article-title":"Retrospective review of the use of hydrochlorothiazide in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease and refractory congestive heart failure (American College of Veterinary Cardiology stage D)","volume":"62","author":"Boscia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009343932","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LCZ696, a novel dual-acting angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi)","volume":"50","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2016:1:1","article-title":"The mechanism of action of LCZ696","volume":"2","author":"Menendez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(14)60806-8","article-title":"First-in-class angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 modulates the dynamics of the renin cascade and natriuretic peptide system with significant reduction of aldosterone exposure","volume":"63","author":"Mochel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15240","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of sacubitril\/valsartan (Entresto) in dogs with cardiomegaly secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"32","author":"Newhard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.700230","article-title":"Short-term effects of sacubitril\/valsartan on echocardiographic parameters in dogs with symptomatic myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"8","author":"Saengklub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"EMPA-REG OUTCOME investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13077","article-title":"Dapagliflozin is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes (CVD-REAL Nordic) when compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy: a multinational observational study","volume":"20","author":"Persson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13612","article-title":"How representative of a general type 2 diabetes population are patients included in cardiovascular outcome trials with SGLT-2 inhibitors? A large European observational study","volume":"21","author":"Birkeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1548","article-title":"DAPA-HF committees and investigators. The dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse-outcomes in heart failure (DAPA-HF) trial: baseline characteristics","volume":"21","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13938","article-title":"Are the cardiovascular and kidney benefits of empagliflozin influenced by baseline glucose-lowering therapy?","volume":"22","author":"Inzucchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2065","article-title":"EMPEROR Trial Committees and Investigators. Design of a prospective patient-level pooled analysis of two parallel trials of empagliflozin in patients with established heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa1007","article-title":"EMPEROR-Reduced Trial Committees and Investigators. Empagliflozin and health-related quality of life outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-reduced trial","volume":"42","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306963","article-title":"Semaglutide in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity","volume":"389","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_494","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: new insights and opportunities for cardiovascular protection","volume":"1307","author":"Bertoccini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174715","article-title":"Dapagliflozin exerts anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of LPS-induced TLR-4 overexpression and NF-\u03baB activation in human endothelial cells and differentiated macrophages","volume":"918","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.017483","article-title":"Canagliflozin suppresses atrial remodeling in a canine atrial fibrillation model","volume":"10","author":"Nishinarita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01517.x","article-title":"Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: characterisation and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Grempler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib149","first-page":"302","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, distribution and excretion of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT 2) inhibitor, in mice, rats, and dogs","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Drug Devel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581814551648","article-title":"Nonclinical safety of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin","volume":"33","author":"Bogdanffy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03324-2","article-title":"Evaluation of safety and anti-obesity effects of DWP16001 in naturally obese dogs","volume":"18","author":"Rhee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1454","article-title":"Effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, DWP16001, as an add-on therapy to insulin for diabetic dogs: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04962-y","article-title":"Differential glycemic effects of DWP16001 in diabetic dogs according to baseline glycemic status: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17053","article-title":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin on interstitial glucose concentration in insulin-treated diabetic dogs","volume":"38","author":"Box","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2025.100510","article-title":"Pilot study on the effects of dapagliflozin on echocardiographic parameters in dogs with symptomatic myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"30","author":"Saengklub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70066","article-title":"Effects of oral single-dose empagliflozin on urinary glucose, serum \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, and plasma empagliflozin concentrations in healthy adult dogs","author":"Pl\u00e1 Gutierrez","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Vet Pharm Therap"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.02.009","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"83","author":"Cox","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01946-w","article-title":"Lack of durable natriuresis and objective decongestion following SGLT2 inhibition in randomized controlled trials of patients with heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Packer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097554","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide inhibits endothelial cell inflammation through a calcium and AMPK dependent mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Krasner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E947","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00400.2015","article-title":"Exenatide exerts direct protective effects on endothelial cells through the AMPK\/Akt\/eNOS pathway in a GLP-1 receptor-dependent manner","volume":"310","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188231222367","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory role of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and its clinical implications","volume":"15","author":"Alharbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.2825","article-title":"GLP1 receptor agonists exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in human heart tissue via the canonical GLP1 receptor expression through a AMPK-mediated pathway","volume":"44","author":"Cordeanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","article-title":"FLOW trial committees and investigators. Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"Perkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000529374","article-title":"Indicators of kidney fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease treated with dulaglutide","volume":"54","author":"Tuttle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-00367-2","article-title":"Incretin drugs in diabetic kidney disease: biological mechanisms and clinical evidence","volume":"17","author":"Alicic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071661","article-title":"Nephroprotective effects of semaglutide as Mono- and combination treatment with lisinopril in a mouse model of hypertension-accelerated diabetic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Dalb\u00f8ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000894","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical applications of incretin therapies for diabetes and chronic kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Alicic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000139339.85840.DD","article-title":"Recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"110","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2401","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00347.2005","article-title":"Active metabolite of GLP-1 mediates myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"289","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.900282","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake via p38alpha MAP kinase-mediated, nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Bhashyam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-10-6","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 enhances cardiac L-type Ca2+ currents via activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158703","article-title":"Exenatide treatment alone improves \u03b2-Cell function in a canine model of pre-diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Ionut","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E132","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00160.2013","article-title":"Effects of intraportal exenatide on hepatic glucose metabolism in the conscious dog","volume":"305","author":"Edgerton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E75","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00035.2004","article-title":"Insulin-independent effects of GLP-1 on canine liver glucose metabolism: duration of infusion and involvement of hepatoportal region","volume":"287","author":"Dardevet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2025.106376","article-title":"Liraglutide as a novel therapeutic for overweight in canines: a clinical study","volume":"313","author":"Dik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet J"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.08.001","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1760273426000421?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1760273426000421?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:00:11Z","timestamp":1780430411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1760273426000421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":175,"alternative-id":["S1760273426000421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1760-2734"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1760-2734","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evidence-based medical therapy for mitral regurgitation in dogs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvc.2026.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}