{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:05:34Z","timestamp":1780409134069,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008513","name":"Thomas Jefferson University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jvsvenous.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T22:34:51Z","timestamp":1742510091000},"page":"102235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Systemic exogenous progestins with or without estrogens are associated with decreased rates of venous procedures for varicose veins"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paarth","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Ostrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"DiMuzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Eraso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nooromid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Abai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of varicose veins among female hairdressers: a cross sectional study in north-east of Iran","volume":"15","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2021.02.007","article-title":"Defining the human and health care costs of chronic venous insufficiency","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.117333","article-title":"Do varicose veins affect quality of life? Results of an international population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Kurz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib4","first-page":"455","article-title":"Treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with varicose veins","volume":"9","author":"Mallick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221118992","article-title":"Global impact and contributing factors in varicose vein disease development","volume":"10","author":"Aslam","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12552","article-title":"Progestin suppressed inflammation and cell viability of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-stimulated endometriotic stromal cells","volume":"76","author":"Grandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh803","article-title":"Progestogens stimulate prostacyclin production by human endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Hermenegildo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00900","article-title":"Progestins inhibit Interleukin-1\u03b2-Induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 and Interleukin 8 expression via the Glucocorticoid receptor in primary human Amnion Mesenchymal cells","volume":"11","author":"Marinello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.01.006","article-title":"Warfarin versus direct oral anticoagulants for patients needing distal deep vein thrombosis treatment","volume":"10","author":"Pham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphatic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2023.02.017","article-title":"Identification and characterization of new candidates for abdominal aortic aneurysm screening in patients outside of current accepted guidelines","volume":"78","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2024.12.005","article-title":"Trends, risk factors, and outcomes of selective screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms in at-risk patients","volume":"81","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib40","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy","author":"Harper-Harrison","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2024.101546","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy decreases the likelihood of diabetes development in peri-menopausal individuals with prediabetes","volume":"50","author":"Shih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10559","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.10559","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for breast cancer development","volume":"41","author":"Mackey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2016.06.003","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk for development of varicose veins in women with a history of pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous lymphatic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.07.025","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical patterns of chronic venous disorders of lower limbs: a population-based study in France","volume":"40","author":"Carpentier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.582","article-title":"Is hormone replacement therapy protective for venous ulcer of the lower limbs?","volume":"10","author":"B\u00e9rard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidem Drug Safe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610600747389","article-title":"The effects of parity, oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy on the incidence of varicose veins","volume":"26","author":"Jukkola","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib18","article-title":"Large vaginal varicosities in the setting of pregnancy without known hepatic or vascular risks: a case report and review of the Literature","volume":"2018","author":"Sueyoshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.07.016","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines on menorrhagia: management of abnormal uterine bleeding before menopause","volume":"152","author":"Marret","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2017.11.013","article-title":"The effect of commercial insurance policies on outcomes of venous ablation","volume":"6","author":"Ochoa Chaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2021.12.010","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and clinical stage of patients presenting for treatment of chronic venous disease","volume":"83","author":"Natour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2023.06.001","article-title":"Race, sex, and socioeconomic disparities affect the clinical stage of patients presenting for treatment of superficial venous disease","volume":"11","author":"Kiguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.08.022","article-title":"Disparities in family planning","volume":"202","author":"Dehlendorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2000.107768","article-title":"High endogenous estradiol is associated with increased venous distensibility and clinical evidence of varicose veins in menopausal women","volume":"32","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1230955","article-title":"Sex hormone-binding globulin exerts sex-related causal effects on lower extremity varicose veins: evidence from gender-stratified Mendelian randomization","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3974026","article-title":"Increase and Redistribution of sex hormone receptors in premenopausal women are associated with varicose vein remodelling","volume":"2018","author":"Garc\u00eda-Honduvilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/096721099900700310","article-title":"Estrogen and progesterone receptors in normal and varicose saphenous veins","volume":"7","author":"Mashiah","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2023.107209","article-title":"The impacts of endogenous progesterone and exogenous progestin on vascular endothelial cell, and smooth muscle cell function: a narrative review","volume":"152","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.07.080","article-title":"Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell expression and function of matrix metalloproteinases is mediated by estrogen and progesterone exposure","volume":"49","author":"Grandas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.04.020","article-title":"Estrogen receptors and chronic venous disease","volume":"52","author":"Serra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovascr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04211.x","article-title":"Estrogens and the vascular endothelium","volume":"966","author":"Cid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.5.8621060","article-title":"The vascular protective effects of estrogen","volume":"10","author":"Farhat","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib35","first-page":"1460","article-title":"Estrogen and estrogen receptor affects MMP2 and MMP9 expression through classical ER pathway and promotes migration of lower venous vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2890","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study","volume":"339","author":"Lidegaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/0024363918816683","article-title":"Systematic review of hormonal contraception and risk of venous thrombosis","volume":"85","author":"Keenan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Linacre Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235_bib39","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Oral contraceptive pills","author":"Cooper","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213333X25000708?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213333X25000708?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T10:41:40Z","timestamp":1749811300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213333X25000708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213333X25000708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-333X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-333X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Systemic exogenous progestins with or without estrogens are associated with decreased rates of venous procedures for varicose veins","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2025.102235","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Society for Vascular Surgery.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102235"}}