{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:08:23Z","timestamp":1778940503831,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":259,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK2-BX006551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2-BX006551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01-BX0061459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01-BX0061459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VA ORD 24-D4V-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VA ORD 24-D4V-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007496","name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006379","name":"Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jvsvi.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JVS-Vascular Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:54:27Z","timestamp":1758711267000},"page":"100302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Using natural language processing to extract carotid stenosis severity from clinical notes to create a nationwide veteran cohort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina M.","family":"Biagetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter N.","family":"Danilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tia","family":"DiNatale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle E.","family":"Shakt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renae L.","family":"Judy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany R.","family":"Bellomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Pridgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip S.","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveen","family":"Balasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Damrauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0786-2","article-title":"Carotid artery stenosis: medical therapy, surgery, and stenting","volume":"17","author":"Dharmakidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.4835","article-title":"Incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis without surgical intervention","volume":"327","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30484-1","article-title":"Risk of stroke in relation to degree of asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a population-based cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2022-018732","article-title":"Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a summary of current state of evidence for revascularization and emerging high-risk features","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.581058","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general population: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"de Weerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2292030516","article-title":"Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis\u2013Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference","volume":"229","author":"Grant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib7","first-page":"68","article-title":"Sonographic NASCET index: a new doppler parameter for assessment of internal carotid artery stenosis","volume":"26","author":"Hathout","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033994","article-title":"Optimal medical management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis","volume":"52","author":"Hackam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.04.073","article-title":"Society for Vascular Surgery clinical practice guidelines for management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease","volume":"75","author":"AbuRahma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2023.01.020","article-title":"Optimal management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Gasior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.532218","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis according to age and sex: systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"40","author":"de Weerd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e721","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30117-0","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.16142770","article-title":"Natural Language processing in radiology: a systematic review","volume":"279","author":"Pons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2020.09.032","article-title":"Rapid progression of carotid stenosis was rare in a large integrated healthcare system during an eight-year period","volume":"73","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-016-0065-1","article-title":"Extracting a stroke phenotype risk factor from Veteran Health Administration clinical reports: an information content analysis","volume":"7","author":"Mowery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomed Semantics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06721-z","article-title":"Identification of patients with carotid stenosis using natural language processing","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.05.054","article-title":"Establishing a carotid artery stenosis disease cohort for comparative effectiveness research using natural language processing","volume":"74","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib18","author":"Cornia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X211011253","article-title":"Optimization of duplex velocity criteria for diagnosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis: a report of the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) Vascular Testing Division Carotid Diagnostic Criteria Committee","volume":"26","author":"Gornik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017539","article-title":"Detection and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care in Australia: protocol for a pragmatic cluster intervention study with pre-post intervention comparisons","volume":"7","author":"Arnold-Reed","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1986.10509497","article-title":"Statistical matching using file concatenation with adjusted weights and multiple imputations","volume":"4","author":"Rubin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Business Econ Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-75","article-title":"Tuning multiple imputation by predictive mean matching and local residual draws","volume":"14","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00312-5","article-title":"Statistical assessment of ordinal outcomes in comparative studies","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib25","first-page":"546","article-title":"Ordinal logistic regression in medical research","volume":"31","author":"Bender","year":"1997","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Lond"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9281","article-title":"Risk prediction models for discrete ordinal outcomes: calibration and the impact of the proportional odds assumption","volume":"41","author":"Edlinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00066-3","article-title":"Using binary logistic regression models for ordinal data with non-proportional odds","volume":"51","author":"Bender","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101048","article-title":"On testing proportional odds assumptions for proportional odds models","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib29","series-title":"Logistic Regression Using the SAS System: Theory and Application","author":"Allison","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1086\/230638","article-title":"Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models","volume":"100","author":"Clogg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib31","article-title":"Association between lipid profiles and presence of carotid plaque","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib32","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of carotid artery stenosis (CAS) among cardiac surgery patients","volume":"15","author":"Alsalmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib33","first-page":"e563","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.5.740","article-title":"Duplex Doppler and spectral flow analysis of racial differences in cerebrovascular atherosclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Gil-Peralta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.032723","article-title":"Race differences in high-grade carotid artery stenosis","volume":"52","author":"Lal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.08.118","article-title":"The prevalence of carotid artery stenosis varies significantly by race","volume":"57","author":"Rockman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.037554","article-title":"Carotid artery disease among broadly defined underrepresented groups: the all of US Research Program","volume":"53","author":"Renedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.7.1350","article-title":"Race, presenting signs and symptoms, use of carotid artery imaging, and appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy","volume":"30","author":"Oddone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.10.019","article-title":"Race and sex-based disparities associated with carotid endarterectomy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"292","author":"Hicks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.11.087","article-title":"The impact of race on outcomes after carotid endarterectomy in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Pothof","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2015.01.057","article-title":"Race as a predictor of delay from diagnosis to endarterectomy in clinically significant carotid stenosis","volume":"62","author":"Wise","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"}],"container-title":["JVS-Vascular Insights"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949912725001199?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949912725001199?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T13:23:56Z","timestamp":1778937836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949912725001199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S2949912725001199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-9127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-9127","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Using natural language processing to extract carotid stenosis severity from clinical notes to create a nationwide veteran cohort","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JVS-Vascular Insights","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsvi.2025.100302","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100302"}}