{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:55:42Z","timestamp":1782708942280,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["kidney-international.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Kidney International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T17:31:23Z","timestamp":1508347883000},"page":"510-518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["A randomized clinical trial indicates that levamisole increases the time to relapse in children with steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Mariken P.","family":"Gruppen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia H.","family":"Bouts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijke C.","family":"Jansen-van der Weide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maruschka P.","family":"Merkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zurowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Maternik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Massella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Emma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Niaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.M.","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Schurmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Raes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"van de Walle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke","family":"van Dyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashima","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Bagga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Davin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80760-3","article-title":"Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"98","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1851-8","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in the Netherlands: a population-based cohort study and a review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"El Bakkali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3082-x","article-title":"The glomerular permeability factors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Davin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized trial comparing two prednisone regimens in steroid- responsive patients who relapse early. Report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"95","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1615-9","article-title":"Levamisole in steroid- sensitive nephrotic syndrome of childhood: the lost paradise?","volume":"20","author":"Davin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib6","first-page":"1555","article-title":"British Association for Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"337","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib7","first-page":"6","article-title":"Levamisole in the treatment of steroid dependent or frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"15","author":"Rashid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bangladesh Ren J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1159\/000187855","article-title":"Use of levamisole in maintaining remission in steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Dayal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1216-z","article-title":"The use of steroid-sparing agents in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Abeyagunawardena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357044481","article-title":"Decrease in oral bioavailability of ciclosporin by intravenous pulse of methylprednisolone succinate in rats","volume":"56","author":"Konishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-015-1819-y","article-title":"Risk factors for steroid dependency in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in India","volume":"83","author":"Dawman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.60.11.1014","article-title":"Steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome is more common in Asians","volume":"60","author":"Sharples","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670100021","article-title":"Time trends and ethnic patterns of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Yorkshire, UK","volume":"16","author":"McKinney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2080-9","article-title":"Experience with levamisole in frequently relapsing, steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Al-Saran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-014-0419-7","article-title":"Efficacy of Levamisole in Children with Frequently Relapsing and Steroid-dependent Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Ekambaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0241-x","article-title":"Long- and short-term efficacy of levamisole in children with steroid- sensitive nephrotic syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Elmas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib17","first-page":"292","article-title":"Effect of levamisole in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Madani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib18","first-page":"153","article-title":"Levamisole Therapy as a Second-line Immunosuppressive Agent in Corticosteroid-sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome in Children","volume":"14","author":"Al-Ibrahim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050307","article-title":"Levamisole therapy in corticosteroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Bagga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1608-8","article-title":"Long-term effects of levamisole treatment in childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Sumegi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib21","first-page":"CD002290","article-title":"Non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children","author":"Pravitsitthikul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000523","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analysis of cytotoxic treatment for frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"16","author":"Latta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib23","first-page":"CD001533","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children","author":"Hodson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2013.745849","article-title":"Development and evaluation of age-appropriate film-coated tablets of levamisole for paediatric use (2-18 years)","volume":"3","author":"Kreeftmeijer-Vegter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib25","first-page":"CD002290","article-title":"Non-corticosteroid treatment for nephrotic syndrome in children","author":"Durkan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02039-0","article-title":"Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials","volume":"355","author":"Assmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1296","article-title":"Subgroup analysis, covariate adjustment and baseline comparisons in clinical trial reporting: current practice and problems","volume":"21","author":"Pocock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"}],"container-title":["Kidney International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253817306075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253817306075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:51:19Z","timestamp":1758761479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0085253817306075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0085253817306075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0085-2538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0085-2538","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A randomized clinical trial indicates that levamisole increases the time to relapse in children with steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Kidney International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2017.08.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}