{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:10:34Z","timestamp":1793236234547,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["kidney-international.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Kidney International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T18:53:52Z","timestamp":1750704832000},"page":"763-779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["APOL1 kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Akinlolu O.","family":"Ojo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwomoa","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Bramham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry I.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5641-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasheed A.","family":"Gbadegesin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7457-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Titilayo O.","family":"Ilori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Opeyemi A.","family":"Olabisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1005-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Susztak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bessie A.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6233-2831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan E.","family":"Grams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Jadoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma I.","family":"Ulasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Opokua","family":"Afonope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfred","family":"Akyea-Darkwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampson","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Ashuntantang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Boima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk N.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewurabena Aniniwa","family":"Darkwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Ezeibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori-Ann","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisha L.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel C.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumi","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taler B.K.","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista L.","family":"Lentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Limou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Mott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marva M.","family":"Moxey-Mims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saraladevi","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precil Diego","family":"Miranda de Menezes Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene L.","family":"Noronha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulan S.","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Parsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Sanna-Cherchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Sedor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aude","family":"Servais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Shingwenyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Sintim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junelle P.","family":"Speller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest Sumaili","family":"Kiswaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma I.","family":"Ulasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Sales Luiz","family":"Vianna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193032","article-title":"Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans","volume":"329","author":"Genovese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010070730","article-title":"The apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene and nondiabetic nephropathy in African Americans","volume":"21","author":"Freedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4287","article-title":"Transgenic expression of human APOL1 risk variants in podocytes induces kidney disease in mice","volume":"23","author":"Beckerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R129","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab024","article-title":"Kidney disease and APOL1","volume":"30","author":"Yusuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.15161219","article-title":"APOL1 nephropathy: from genetics to clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000529227","article-title":"APOL1 and APOL1-associated kidney disease: a common disease, an unusual disease gene\u2014Proceedings of the Henry Shavelle Professorship","volume":"3","author":"Pollak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000526868","article-title":"HIV-associated nephropathy in 2022","volume":"3","author":"Rivera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404211","article-title":"APOL1 bi- and monoallelic variants and chronic kidney disease in West Africans","volume":"392","author":"Gbadegesin","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.06.005","article-title":"APOL1 kidney risk alleles: population genetics and disease associations","volume":"21","author":"Limou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2859-7","article-title":"High-depth African genomes inform human migration and health","volume":"586","author":"Choudhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011040388","article-title":"APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Kopp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013111242","article-title":"Clinical features and histology of apolipoprotein L1-associated nephropathy in the FSGS clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Kopp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib13","first-page":"983","article-title":"APOL1-associated glomerular disease among African-American children: a collaboration of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) and Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) cohorts","volume":"32","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.08.028","article-title":"Novel therapies in APOL1-mediated kidney disease: from molecular pathways to therapeutic options","volume":"8","author":"Vasquez-Rios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716113115","article-title":"UBD modifies APOL1-induced kidney disease risk","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib16","first-page":"295","article-title":"The environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0861-0","article-title":"Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene","volume":"128","author":"Tzur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.263","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L1 gene variants associate with hypertension-attributed nephropathy and the rate of kidney function decline in African Americans","volume":"83","author":"Lipkowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310345","article-title":"APOL1 risk variants, race, and progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"369","author":"Parsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014050469","article-title":"APOL1 risk variants are strongly associated with HIV-associated nephropathy in black South Africans","volume":"26","author":"Kasembeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000219","article-title":"Genetic inhibition of APOL1 pore-forming function prevents APOL1-mediated kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Hung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.270","article-title":"Innate immunity pathways regulate the nephropathy gene apolipoprotein L1","volume":"87","author":"Nichols","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0332-3","article-title":"COVAN is the new HIVAN: the re-emergence of collapsing glomerulopathy with COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126124","article-title":"Antisense oligonucleotide treatment ameliorates IFN-\u03b3-induced proteinuria in APOL1-transgenic mice","volume":"4","author":"Aghajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.048952","article-title":"Recessive, gain-of-function toxicity in an APOL1 BAC transgenic mouse model mirrors human APOL1 kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522913113","article-title":"APOL1 kidney disease risk variants cause cytotoxicity by depleting cellular potassium and inducing stress-activated protein kinases","volume":"113","author":"Olabisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016121322","article-title":"ApoL1 overexpression drives variant-independent cytotoxicity","volume":"29","author":"O'Toole","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202396","article-title":"Inaxaplin for proteinuric kidney disease in persons with two APOL1 variants","volume":"388","author":"Egbuna","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.09.018","article-title":"APOL1 renal risk variants and sickle cell trait associations with reduced kidney function in a large Congolese population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Masimango","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105000","article-title":"Phenome-wide analysis reveals epistatic associations between APOL1 variants and chronic kidney disease and multiple other disorders","volume":"101","author":"Adamson","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013010113","article-title":"APOL1 variants associate with increased risk of CKD among African Americans","volume":"24","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.05.004","article-title":"APOL1, sickle cell trait, and CKD in the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"3","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000094","article-title":"Clinical and genetic characteristics of CKD patients with high-risk APOL1 genotypes","volume":"34","author":"Elliott","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.14321121","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L1 high-risk genotypes and albuminuria in sub-Saharan African populations","volume":"17","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.01.1054","article-title":"Genetic variants of APOL1 are major determinants of kidney failure in people of African ancestry with HIV","volume":"7","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2022.100563","article-title":"APOL1 genotype, proteinuria, and the risk of kidney failure: a secondary analysis of the AASK (African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension) and CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) studies","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000459","article-title":"The legacy effect of intensive versus standard BP control on the incidence of needing dialysis or kidney transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Pajewski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.01.003","article-title":"The impact of APOL1 on chronic kidney disease and hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.11.003","article-title":"Identification of novel genetic risk factors for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children: results from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort","volume":"81","author":"Durand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019030240","article-title":"APOL1 kidney risk variants and cardiovascular disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Grams","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1159\/000529850","article-title":"Fetal high-risk APOL1 genotype increases risk for small for gestational age in term infants affected by preeclampsia","volume":"120","author":"Azhibekov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1291","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2008-7167","article-title":"Understanding health disparities in preeclampsia: a literature review","volume":"41","author":"Conklin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.01.013","article-title":"APOL1 and preeclampsia: intriguing links, uncertain causality, troubling implications","volume":"77","author":"Sedor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.08.002","article-title":"Fetal\u2014not maternal\u2014APOL1 genotype associated with risk for preeclampsia in those with African ancestry","volume":"103","author":"Reidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.10.020","article-title":"Joint associations of maternal-fetal APOL1 genotypes and maternal country of origin with preeclampsia risk","volume":"77","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001010","article-title":"Brief report: APOL1 renal risk variants are associated with chronic kidney disease in children and youth with perinatal HIV infection","volume":"73","author":"Purswani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.04.002","article-title":"APOL1 risk genotypes are associated with early kidney damage in children in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"Ekulu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.040","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L1 variants and blood pressure traits in African Americans","volume":"69","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114566","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L-I promotes trypanosome lysis by forming pores in lysosomal membranes","volume":"309","author":"P\u00e9rez-Morga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.08.018","article-title":"Trypanosome lytic factor, a subclass of high-density lipoprotein, forms cation-selective pores in membranes","volume":"144","author":"Molina-Portela Mdel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51185","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L-1 renal risk variants form active channels at the plasma membrane driving cytotoxicity","volume":"9","author":"Giovinazzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1325","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000216","article-title":"Nonpodocyte roles of APOL1 variants: an evolving paradigm","volume":"4","author":"Pell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.157432","article-title":"JAK inhibitor blocks COVID-19 cytokine-induced JAK\/STAT\/APOL1 signaling in glomerular cells and podocytopathy in human kidney organoids","volume":"7","author":"Nystrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013091017","article-title":"Localization of APOL1 protein and mRNA in the human kidney: nondiseased tissue, primary cells, and immortalized cell lines","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.03.035","article-title":"Hypoxia hits APOL1 in the kidney","volume":"104","author":"Grampp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51998-w","article-title":"Nucleosomal dsDNA stimulates APOL1 expression in human cultured podocytes by activating the cGAS\/IFI16-STING signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.004","article-title":"APOL1 risk variants in individuals of African genetic ancestry drive endothelial cell defects that exacerbate sepsis","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136329","article-title":"The key role of NLRP3 and STING in APOL1-associated podocytopathy","volume":"131","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040441","article-title":"Most ApoL1 is secreted by the liver","volume":"28","author":"Shukha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39376-y","article-title":"Disruption of APOL1-miR193a axis induces disorganization of podocyte actin cytoskeleton","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172262","article-title":"APOL1-mediated monovalent cation transport contributes to APOL1-mediated podocytopathy in kidney disease","volume":"134","author":"Datta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016050567","article-title":"APOL1 renal-risk variants induce mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0188-2","article-title":"APOL1 risk allele RNA contributes to renal toxicity by activating protein kinase R","volume":"1","author":"Okamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020010079","article-title":"Kidney disease-associated APOL1 variants have dose-dependent, dominant toxic gain-of-function","volume":"31","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4362","article-title":"A tripartite complex of suPAR, APOL1 risk variants and \u03b1(v)\u03b2(3) integrin on podocytes mediates chronic kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"Hayek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43020-9","article-title":"Strong protective effect of the APOL1 p.N264K variant against G2-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib67","first-page":"43","article-title":"APOL1 genotyping is incomplete without testing for the protective M1 modifier p.N264K variant","volume":"4","author":"Gbadegesin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.05.008","article-title":"Donor's APOL1 risk genotype and \u201csecond hits\" associated with de novo collapsing glomerulopathy in deceased donor kidney transplant recipients: A report of 5 cases","volume":"73","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050487","article-title":"Combined effects of GSTM1 null allele and APOL1 renal risk alleles in CKD progression in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Trial","volume":"27","author":"Bodonyi-Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018090909","article-title":"Exome-based rare-variant analyses in CKD","volume":"30","author":"Cameron-Christie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft423","article-title":"Gene-gene interactions in APOL1-associated nephropathy","volume":"29","author":"Divers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.03.017","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies suggest that APOL1-environment interactions more likely trigger kidney disease in African Americans with nondiabetic nephropathy than strong APOL1-second gene interactions","volume":"94","author":"Langefeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.971297","article-title":"SMOC2 gene interacts with APOL1 in the development of end-stage kidney disease: a genome-wide association study","volume":"9","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.181238","article-title":"Protein-truncating variant in APOL3 increases chronic kidney disease risk in epistasis with APOL1 risk alleles","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.026","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers are associated with renal outcomes in individuals with APOL1 risk variants","volume":"93","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx067","article-title":"Pro: risk scores for chronic kidney disease progression are robust, powerful and ready for implementation","volume":"32","author":"Tangri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000816","article-title":"Treatment potential in APOL1-associated nephropathy","volume":"31","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib78","first-page":"64","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of the APOL1 inhibitor, inaxaplin, following single- and multiple-ascending doses in healthy adults","volume":"4","author":"Egbuna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.06.033","article-title":"Design and rationale of the phase 2 baricitinib study in apolipoprotein L1-mediated kidney disease (JUSTICE)","volume":"9","author":"Olabisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.11.022","article-title":"APOL1 Long-term Kidney Transplantation Outcomes Network (APOLLO): design and rationale","volume":"5","author":"Freedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-023-00304-w","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)\u2014epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"10","author":"Ortiz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.1048","article-title":"Effects of testing and disclosing ancestry-specific genetic risk for kidney failure on patients and health care professionals: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020101399","article-title":"Diagnosis, education, and care of patients with APOL1-associated nephropathy: a Delphi consensus and systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Freedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017060658","article-title":"APOL1 genotype and renal function of Black living donors","volume":"29","author":"Doshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03513.x","article-title":"The APOL1 gene and allograft survival after kidney transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Reeves-Daniel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13223","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L1 gene variants in deceased organ donors are associated with renal allograft failure","volume":"15","author":"Freedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000969","article-title":"APOL1 genotype and kidney transplantation outcomes from deceased African American donors","volume":"100","author":"Freedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04033.x","article-title":"The APOL1 genotype of African American kidney transplant recipients does not impact 5-year allograft survival","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146643","article-title":"Recipient APOL1 risk alleles associate with death-censored renal allograft survival and rejection episodes","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004742","article-title":"Association of recipient APOL1 kidney risk alleles with kidney transplant outcomes","volume":"107","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.05.025","article-title":"A tool for decision-making in kidney transplant candidates with poor prognosis to receive deceased donor transplantation in the United States","volume":"102","author":"Schold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14113","article-title":"Effect of replacing race with apolipoprotein L1 genotype in calculation of Kidney Donor Risk Index","volume":"17","author":"Julian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1526924819892917","article-title":"Variation of ApoL1 testing practices for living kidney donors","volume":"30","author":"McIntosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001770","article-title":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the evaluation and care of living kidney donors","volume":"101","author":"Lentine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000397","article-title":"Evaluating ApoL1 genetic testing policy options for transplant centers: a Delphi consensus panel project with stakeholders","volume":"19","author":"McIntosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000502675","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L1 testing in African Americans: involving the community in policy discussions","volume":"50","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Kidney International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253825004296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253825004296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T22:19:30Z","timestamp":1760825970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0085253825004296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0085253825004296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0085-2538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0085-2538","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"APOL1 kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Kidney International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Published by Elsevier, Inc., on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}