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We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of harm reduction measures on HIV control among injecting drug users (IDUs) between PHRP and nonPHRP. The data on HIV, collected from incumbent Taiwanese authorities, were analyzed for their associations, risk and protective factors with PHRP measures. While the monthly HIV incidences did not show significant differences before and after PHRP in the four areas with PHRP (Taipei City, Taipei County, Taoyuan County and Tainan County), a significant increase in the HIV incidence was found in the 21 areas without PHRP. Hence, the implementation of the PHRP did result in a significant difference in the monthly HIV incidence between areas with and without the PHRP. Mandatory HIV testing was significantly associated with the HIV incidence according to the generalized estimation equations (GEE) model. With adjustments of time period and area with PHRP, and urban area, protective factors associated with HIV incidence were: educational materials, condoms, dilution water, and alcohol sponges\/swabs. MMTP contributed to a higher HIV incidence, probably due to the concurrent HIV testing upon admission. Since HIV testing was not required in the NSP, the HIV testing\u2010dependent MMTP may explain the association of the PHRP intervention and an increased HIV incidence. In summary, HIV testing and education were essential for effective HIV control upon implementing the\u2009PHRP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2011.10.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]],"date-time":"2012-01-15T00:02:44Z","timestamp":1326585764000},"page":"79-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Essentiality of HIV testing and education for effective HIV control in the national pilot harm reduction program: The Taiwan experience"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hsin\u2010Ya","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Hsin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Jing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lien\u2010Wen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsang\u2010Yaw","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsien\u2010Jane","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin\u2010Pei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien\u2010Yang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryh\u2010Nan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jih\u2010Heng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.036517"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11380-5"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304706.79541.ef","article-title":"Evaluation of a needle social marketing strategy to control HIV among injecting drug users in China","volume":"21","author":"Wu Z.","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01761.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909303411406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb053133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.02.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programmes","volume":"16","author":"Wodax A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","unstructured":"HIV\/AIDS news. Centers for disease control R.O.C. (Taiwan) 2009; Available from:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov.tw\/fp.asp?xItem=13348&CtNode=1458&mp=220&fpage=cp[accessed 01.10.09]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.16.3.5.53.35530","article-title":"Update and projection on HIV\/AIDS in Taiwan","volume":"16","author":"Twu S.J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","unstructured":"LiJH LiuSF YuWJ. Patterns and trends of drug abuse in Taiwan: A brief history and report from 2000 through 2004 in epidemiologic trends in drug abuse Vol. II. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group June 2005 USA. Bethesda Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","unstructured":"ChenYM. 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