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There are different degrees of inflammatory cells infiltration in histopathology. Inflammatory cytokines may play a pathogenic role in the development of oral precancerous lesions (OPCLs). Genetic polymorphisms of cytokine\u2010encoding genes are known to predispose to malignant disease. We hypothesized that the risk of OPCLs might be associated with cytokine gene polymorphisms of interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3, transforming growth factor (TGF)\u2010\u03b21, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1, interleukin (IL)\u20106, and IL\u201010. In the present study, 42 OPCL patients and 128 controls were analyzed for eight polymorphisms in five different cytokine genes [IFN\u2010\u03b3 (+874 T\/A), TGF\u2010\u03b21 (codons 10 T\/C and 25 G\/C), TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\u2212308 G\/A), IL\u20106 (\u2212174 G\/C), and IL\u201010 (\u22121082 A\/G, \u2013819 T\/C, and \u2212592 A\/C)]. Cytokine genotyping was determined by the polymerase chain reaction sequence\u2010specific primer technique using commercial primers. Allele and genotype data were analyzed for significance of differences between cases and controls using the Chi\u2010square (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) test. Two\u2010sided <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 were considered to be statistically significant. A series of multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, betel quid chewing, alcohol consumption, and smoking, was constructed in order to access the contribution of homozygous or heterozygous variant genotypes of polymorphisms. The TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\u2212308) polymorphism was significantly associated with OPCLs. There were significant differences in the distribution of AA, GA, and GG genotypes between OPCL patients and controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0004). Patients with the AA or GA genotype had a 3.63\u2010fold increased risk of OPCLs. The TGF\u2010\u03b21 (codon 10 and 25) polymorphism was also significantly associated with OPCLs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The IL\u20106 polymorphism was significantly associated with OPCLs. There are significant differences in the distribution of CC, GC, and GG genotypes between OPCL patients and controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Patients with the CC or GC genotype had a 35\u2010 or 20.59\u2010fold increased risk of OPCLs. There were no significant differences in the distribution of IL\u201010 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 genotypes between different groups of control individuals and OPCL patients. The IL\u20106, TGF\u2010\u03b21, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 gene polymorphisms may have a significant association with the development of OPCLs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2014.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,27]],"date-time":"2014-10-27T04:30:24Z","timestamp":1414384224000},"page":"551-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Role of cytokine gene (interferon\u2010\u03b3, transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b21, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin\u20106, and interleukin\u201010) polymorphisms in the risk of oral precancerous lesions in 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