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The results showed that CQ and HCQ inhibited the proliferation of multiple human bladder cell lines (including RT4, 5637, and T24) in a time\u2010 and dose\u2010dependent fashion, especially in advanced bladder cancer cell lines (5637 and T24) compared to immortalized uroepithelial cells (SV\u2010Huc\u20101) or other reference cancer cell lines (PC3 and MCF\u20107). We found that 24\u2010hour treatment of CQ or HCQ significantly decreased the clonogenic formation in 5637 and T24 cells compared to SV\u2010Huc\u20101. As human bladder cancer tumor exhibits high basal level of autophagic activities, we detected the autophagic flux in cells treated with CQ and HCQ, showing an alternation in LC3 flux in CQ\u2010 or HCQ\u2010treated cells. Moreover, bladder cancer cells treated with CQ and HCQ underwent apoptosis, resulting in increased caspase 3\/7 activities, increased level of cleaved poly(ADP\u2010ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase 3, and DNA fragmentation. Given these results, targeting autophagy with CQ and HCQ represents an effective cancer therapeutic strategy against human bladder cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2017.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T09:30:29Z","timestamp":1488274229000},"page":"215-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine inhibit bladder cancer cell growth by targeting basal autophagy and enhancing 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