{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:18:34Z","timestamp":1788985114517,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thekneejournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Knee"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T21:29:24Z","timestamp":1782768564000},"page":"104558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Extreme trochlear morphology in pediatric patients with fixed lateral patellar dislocation: a radiographic study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Lijesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shae K.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Beber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana I.","family":"Matarangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia C.","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7286-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2022.05.005","article-title":"Patellar instability in young athletes","volume":"41","author":"Parikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000886","article-title":"Classifications in brief: the dejour classification of trochlear dysplasia","volume":"477","author":"Kazley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2013.06.014","article-title":"Patellar instability in children and adolescents","volume":"100","author":"Chotel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199903000-00024","article-title":"Surgical treatment of congenital dislocation of the patella","volume":"19","author":"Gordon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199205000-00007","article-title":"Congenital dislocation of the patella and its operative treatment","volume":"12","author":"Langenski\u00f6ld","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0030","first-page":"190","article-title":"Congenital, irreducible, permanent lateral dislocation of the patella","volume":"116","author":"Stanisavljevic","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/182795","article-title":"Adult congenital permanent bilateral dislocation of the patella with full knee function: case report and literature review","volume":"2012","author":"Bistolfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0040","article-title":"Chronic patellar dislocation treated with extensive lateral release and vastus medialis obliquus advancement","volume":"2024","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"A Case Report Case Rep Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-005-0767-z","article-title":"[Fixed posterior subluxation with lateral rotation of the knee joint caused by congenital dislocation of the patella in combination with aplasia of the posterior cruciate ligament. Case report and review of the literature]","volume":"34","author":"Ochs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0050","article-title":"Extensive lateral release and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in 25 years of chronic fixed lateral patellar dislocation: a 5-year follow-up case report","volume":"2019","author":"Lubis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0055","first-page":"180","article-title":"Irreducible lateral patellar dislocation: a case report and literature review","volume":"16","author":"Grewal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0b013e3282ff3cd1","article-title":"Congenital dislocation of patella with ipsilateral hip flexion-abduction deformity: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop Part B"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0065","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Congenital dislocation of the patella; case report with history of four generations","volume":"29","author":"Mumford","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06382-x","article-title":"Increased tibiofemoral rotation on MRI with increasing clinical severity of patellar instability","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201101000-00002","article-title":"The role of trochlear dysplasia in patellofemoral instability","volume":"19","author":"Bollier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120914872","article-title":"Tibial tubercle-roman arch distance: a new measurement of patellar dislocation and indication of tibial tubercle osteotomy","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0085","first-page":"7","article-title":"Patellofemoral instability: classification and imaging","volume":"1","author":"Berruto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Joints"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feger J, Roberts D, Foster T. Trochlear depth. In: Radiopaedia.Org. Radiopaedia.org; 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53347\/rID-78433.","DOI":"10.53347\/rID-78433"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01552649","article-title":"Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study","volume":"2","author":"Dejour","year":"1994","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2281","article-title":"The measurement of patellar alignment in patellofemoral pain syndrome: are we confusing assumptions with evidence?","volume":"37","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.06.020","volume":"33","author":"Brady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2021.07.010","article-title":"Fixed (congenital) patellar dislocation","volume":"41","author":"Grisdela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.55275\/JPOSNA-2020-122","article-title":"Management of fixed dislocation of the patella","volume":"2","author":"Imbergamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop Soc N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-008-0090-4","article-title":"Congenital dislocation of the patella","volume":"2","author":"Wada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0125","first-page":"305","article-title":"Anatomic study of femoral patellar groove in fetus","volume":"25","author":"Glard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e318","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001168","article-title":"The growth of trochlear dysplasia during adolescence","volume":"38","author":"Parikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08441-1","article-title":"Chronic fixed-permanent lateral patellar dislocation can be successfully corrected in skeletally mature patients, with satisfactory midterm outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Tek\u00fcst\u00fcn","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0140","first-page":"45","article-title":"Surgical treatment of a chronically fixed lateral patella dislocation in an adolescent patient","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-015-1619-0","article-title":"Surgical treatment of congenital patellar dislocation in skeletally mature patients: surgical technique and case series","volume":"25","author":"Yoshvin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200011000-00023","article-title":"Congenital dislocation of the patella. Part I: pathologic anatomy","volume":"20","author":"Ghanem","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2024.09.007","article-title":"Patellar morphology is different in patellofemoral instability: an MRI comparative case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Thouvenin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000711","article-title":"Tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance is a reliable and accurate indicator of patellofemoral instability","volume":"477","author":"Vairo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241312168","article-title":"Trochlear morphological changes in skeletally immature patients across consecutive MRI studies","volume":"53","author":"Orellana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["The Knee"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0968016026002383?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0968016026002383?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:00:43Z","timestamp":1788984043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0968016026002383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0968016026002383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0968-0160"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0968-0160","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Extreme trochlear morphology in pediatric patients with fixed lateral patellar dislocation: a radiographic study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Knee","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104558","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104558"}}