{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:16:52Z","timestamp":1790723812980,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY003790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY003790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"A*STAR Research Entities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A20H4g2141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A20H4g2141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"A*STAR Research Entities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H20C6a0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H20C6a0032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016017","name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05\/FY2022\/EX\/66-A128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/FY2022\/EX\/66-A128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016017","name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Duke-NUS\/RSF\/2021\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Duke-NUS\/RSF\/2021\/0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016017","name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05\/FY2020\/EX\/15-A58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/FY2020\/EX\/15-A58"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-000655\\u201300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-000655\\u201300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001014\\u201300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001014\\u201300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001689\\u201300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001689\\u201300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Digital Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:05:01Z","timestamp":1785179101000},"page":"101007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MerMED-FM: Multimodal, Multi-Disease Medical Imaging Foundation Model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrystie Wan Ning","family":"Quek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7416-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhe","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen Ling","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren Shu Jeng","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih Chung","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T","family":"Soetikno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Elze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jao-Yiu Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin Zhenghao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Hiok Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Jit Teng","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy Le Yi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Fu","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"We-Chi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret Ming-Chih","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel Tim-Ee","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Nguyen Tuan","family":"Anh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2140-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chee Leong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain Beehuat","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony Kiat Hon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2254-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darius M","family":"Moshfeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick Siow Mong","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Shu Wei","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s44303-024-00010-w","article-title":"Multimodal bioimaging across disciplines and scales: challenges, opportunities and breaking down barriers","volume":"2","author":"Bischof","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib2","article-title":"ELIXR: towards a general purpose x-ray artificial intelligence system through alignment of large language models and radiology vision encoders","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib3","author":"Sui"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00965-w","article-title":"Exploring scalable medical image encoders beyond text supervision","volume":"7","author":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2025.3581907","article-title":"Chest x-ray foundation model with global and local representations integration","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10181-8","article-title":"Merlin: a computed tomography vision\u2013language foundation model and dataset","author":"Blankemeier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-026-01668-w","article-title":"3D foundation model for generalizable disease detection in head computed tomography","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00807-9","article-title":"Foundation model for cancer imaging biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Pai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103202","article-title":"USFM: a universal ultrasound foundation model generalized to tasks and organs towards label efficient image analysis","volume":"96","author":"Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02857-3","article-title":"Towards a general-purpose foundation model for computational pathology","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02856-4","article-title":"A visual-language foundation model for computational pathology","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib12","article-title":"Virchow2: scaling self-supervised mixed magnification models in pathology","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06555-x","article-title":"A foundation model for generalizable disease detection from retinal images","volume":"622","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01772-2","article-title":"A multimodal visual\u2013language foundation model for computational ophthalmology","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/AIoa2300221","article-title":"Development and validation of a multimodal multitask vision foundation model for generalist ophthalmic artificial intelligence","volume":"1","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03747-y","article-title":"A multimodal vision foundation model for clinical dermatology","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.09.012","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for multimodal data integration in oncology","volume":"40","author":"Lipkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib18","article-title":"UniMed-CLIP: towards a unified image-text pretraining paradigm for diverse medical imaging modalities","author":"Khattak","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/AIoa2400640","article-title":"A multimodal biomedical foundation model trained from fifteen million image\u2013text pairs","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NEJM AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325459","article-title":"Foundation models in ophthalmology","volume":"108","author":"Chia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10091089","article-title":"Self-FI: self-supervised learning for disease diagnosis in fundus images","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib22","first-page":"45451","article-title":"Learning from memory: non-parametric memory augmented self-supervised learning of visual features","volume":"235","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib23","first-page":"21271","article-title":"Bootstrap your own latent: a new approach to self-supervised learning","volume":"33","author":"Grill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib24","first-page":"9912","article-title":"Unsupervised learning of visual features by contrasting cluster assignments","volume":"33","author":"Caron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib25","author":"Caron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03747-y","article-title":"A multimodal vision foundation model for clinical dermatology","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Digital Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589750026000300?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589750026000300?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:18:38Z","timestamp":1785539918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589750026000300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589750026000300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-7500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-7500","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"MerMED-FM: Multimodal, Multi-Disease Medical Imaging Foundation Model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Digital Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landig.2026.101013","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101007"}}