{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:24:11Z","timestamp":1791041051611,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020171","name":"Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI150485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000996","name":"Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:21:40Z","timestamp":1785237700000},"page":"103988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In-home tongue swab testing for tuberculosis screening among household contacts in South Africa: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Medina-Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Olifant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pieruccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuhle","family":"Fiphaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nondumiso","family":"Ngcelwane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Ruhwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Penn-Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Fourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib1","series-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2025","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.07.047","article-title":"The impact of HIV and tuberculosis interventions on South African adult tuberculosis trends, 1990\u20132019: a mathematical modeling analysis","volume":"122","author":"Kubjane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib3","article-title":"Tuberculosis in household contacts of tuberculosis patients in sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Seid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101206","article-title":"Estimating the population at high risk for tuberculosis through household exposure in high-incidence countries: a model-based analysis","volume":"42","author":"Ross","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0809","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of tuberculosis contact investigation in Cali, Colombia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00266-2021","article-title":"The effectiveness of contact investigation among contacts of tuberculosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Velen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2394PP","article-title":"The epidemiological importance of subclinical tuberculosis. A critical reappraisal","volume":"203","author":"Kendall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1869","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00276-1","article-title":"Screening for asymptomatic tuberculosis among adults with household exposure to pulmonary tuberculosis: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1184","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00148-7","article-title":"Diagnostic yield as an important metric for the evaluation of novel tuberculosis tests: rationale and guidance for future research","volume":"12","author":"Broger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018131","article-title":"Using sputum and tongue swab specimens for in-home point-of-care targeted universal testing for tuberculosis of household contacts: an acceptability and feasibility analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bezuidenhout","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.25.0457","article-title":"Preferences for tongue swab versus sputum collection for TB testing: a multi-country survey","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00469-2","article-title":"Oral swabs with a rapid molecular diagnostic test for pulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Church","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01493-25","article-title":"Testing tongue swab samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra: comparison of two protocols applied to samples from persons with low-bacillary load TB","volume":"13","author":"Wood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2703.204090","article-title":"Systematic review of pooling sputum as an efficient method for Xpert MTB\/RIF tuberculosis testing during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"27","author":"Cuevas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib15","article-title":"Pooling sputum samples for tuberculosis diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy with cost-effectiveness assessment","author":"Teles","year":"2025","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae279","article-title":"In-home TB testing using GeneXpert Edge is acceptable, feasible, and improves the proportion of symptomatic household contacts tested for TB: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"11","author":"Medina-Marino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf389","article-title":"Sputum and tongue swab molecular testing for the in-home diagnosis of tuberculosis in unselected household contacts: a cost and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"82","author":"Bezuidenhout","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s44263-023-00022-5","article-title":"Prevalence of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis and its association with HIV in household contacts of index tuberculosis patients in two South African provinces: a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"1","author":"Carter","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Glob Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187145","article-title":"Drop-out from the tuberculosis contact investigation cascade in a routine public health setting in urban Uganda: a prospective, multi-center study","volume":"12","author":"Armstrong-Hough","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib20","series-title":"National TB recovery plan 3.0. April 2024 \u2013 March 2025","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v18i1.694","article-title":"Progress towards the 2020 targets for HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment in South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib22","series-title":"National guidelines on the treatment of tuberculosis infection","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib23","series-title":"WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 2: screening. Systematic screening for tuberculosis disease","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112559","article-title":"Validation of screening instruments for alcohol and substance use disorders among men and women in Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"268","author":"Stockton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib25","series-title":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13533","article-title":"\u201cI got tested at home, the help came to me\u201d: acceptability and feasibility of home-based TB testing of household contacts using portable molecular diagnostics in South Africa","volume":"26","author":"Medina-Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib27","series-title":"National tuberculosis management guidelines 2014","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00812","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00812-17","article-title":"The new Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra: improving detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to rifampin in an assay suitable for point-of-care testing","volume":"8","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105991","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of swab-based molecular tests for tuberculosis using near-point-of-care platforms: a multi-country evaluation","volume":"121","author":"Steadman","year":"2025","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib30","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of tongue swab testing in persons with sputum Xpert Ultra trace results","author":"Shapiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00421","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00421-22","article-title":"Accuracy of tongue swab testing using Xpert MTB-RIF Ultra for tuberculosis diagnosis","volume":"60","author":"Andama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf709","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of the Pluslife MiniDock MTB and Molbio MTB Ultima assays to detect tuberculosis from tongue and sputum swabs among outpatients and in active case finding in Cameroon","author":"Mbuli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103728","article-title":"Cost and impact of decentralized tuberculosis testing: a modeling analysis of price thresholds for molecular instruments in high-burden settings","volume":"91","author":"Ockhuisen","year":"2026","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx025","article-title":"Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in households and the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"185","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0491","article-title":"Estimating the magnitude of pulmonary tuberculosis patients missed by primary health care clinics in South Africa","volume":"22","author":"Kweza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1158","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae390","article-title":"Estimating the impact of tuberculosis pathways on transmission\u2014what is the gap left by passive case finding?","volume":"230","author":"Horton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02247-1","article-title":"Comparison of two diagnostic intervention packages for community-based active case finding for tuberculosis: an open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Esmail","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16044","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of community and facility-based HIV testing to address linkage to care gaps in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"528","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25678","article-title":"Outcomes from a multimodal, at-scale community-based HIV counselling and testing programme in twelve high HIV burden districts in South Africa","volume":"24","author":"Medina-Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X26001506?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X26001506?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:51:15Z","timestamp":1785977475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214109X26001506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2214109X26001506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-109X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-109X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In-home tongue swab testing for tuberculosis screening among household contacts in South Africa: a prospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Global Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.103988","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103988"}}