{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:19:49Z","timestamp":1788477589539,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:00:40Z","timestamp":1783652440000},"page":"104003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-hospital and post-discharge mortality among infants with respiratory syncytial virus in rural Kenya: a 25-year retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maureen W","family":"Mburu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Nyadzua Katama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7610-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercy S","family":"Safari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy O","family":"Makori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elijah T","family":"Gicheru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mutunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Lewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson","family":"Cheruiyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Wafula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ngetsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustus","family":"Kea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neema","family":"Mturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Shebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kalama Fondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Chesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiza","family":"Dayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce U","family":"Nyiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N","family":"Agoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles J","family":"Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2024.100554","article-title":"Characteristics of inpatient and outpatient respiratory syncytial virus mortality in Gavi-eligible countries","volume":"20","author":"Willemsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S229","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab528","article-title":"Global respiratory syncytial virus-related infant community deaths","volume":"73","author":"Mazur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00215-9","article-title":"Effectiveness and impact of universal prophylaxis with nirsevimab in infants against hospitalisation for respiratory syncytial virus in Galicia, Spain: initial results of a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"24","author":"Sonia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00171-8","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of nirsevimab immunisation against bronchiolitis in infants: a case\u2013control study in Paris, France","volume":"8","author":"Ricardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1452267","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus burden in children under 2 years old in understudied areas worldwide: gap analysis of available evidence, 2012\u20132022","volume":"12","author":"Sini de Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e821","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00175-9","article-title":"Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life: development and validation of a clinical prediction model","volume":"5","author":"Vartiainen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz150","article-title":"Acute lower respiratory infections associated with respiratory syncytial virus in children with underlying congenital heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"222","author":"Pa Saidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00321-2","volume":"7","author":"Eric","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib10","article-title":"Risk factors for severe outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden","volume":"58","author":"Dallagiacoma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107125","article-title":"Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory infection in children under 5 years: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e984","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30344-3","article-title":"Global respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in young children (RSV GOLD): a retrospective case series","volume":"5","author":"Scheltema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2025.07.005","article-title":"Developmental health and vulnerability among young children in Pakistan: findings from a large-scale early childhood development assessment in Karachi","volume":"73","author":"Salima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00269-9","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection among children younger than 2 years admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit with extended severe acute respiratory infection in ten Gavi-eligible countries: the RSV GOLD-ICU Network study","volume":"12","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys062","article-title":"Profile: the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS)","volume":"41","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003747","article-title":"Nosocomial RSV-related in-hospital mortality in children <5 years: a global case series","volume":"42","author":"L\u00f6wensteyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00138-7","article-title":"Global disease burden of and risk factors for acute lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus in preterm infants and young children in 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregated and individual participant data","volume":"403","author":"Xin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00365-2","article-title":"Community-acquired respiratory virus infections in patients with haematological malignancies or undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation: updated recommendations from the 10th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia","volume":"26","author":"von Lilienfeld-Toal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00042-19","article-title":"Community-acquired respiratory viruses in transplant patients: diversity, impact, unmet clinical needs","volume":"32","author":"Ison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib20","article-title":"Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of palivizumab in off-label neonates, infants, and young children at risk for serious respiratory syncytial virus infection: a multicenter phase II clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Mori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib22","series-title":"WHO Guideline on the prevention and management of wasting and nutritional oedema (acute malnutrition) in infants and children under 5 years","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e843","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00045-2","article-title":"Infant-level and child-level predictors of mortality in low-resource settings: the WHO Child Mortality Risk Stratification Multi-Country Pooled Cohort","volume":"13","author":"Tahmeed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib24","series-title":"Pocket book of hospital care for children","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518003197","article-title":"Hypophosphataemia in severe acute malnutrition: a prospective observational study","volume":"121","author":"Chanchal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e717","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(25)00146-2","article-title":"Getting back on track to meet global anaemia reduction targets: a Lancet Haematology Commission","volume":"12","author":"Atkinson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab509","article-title":"Deaths attributed to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in high-mortality rate settings: report from Child Health And Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS)","volume":"73","author":"Blau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X26001658?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X26001658?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:04:30Z","timestamp":1788476670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214109X26001658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2214109X26001658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-109X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-109X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In-hospital and post-discharge mortality among infants with respiratory syncytial virus in rural Kenya: a 25-year retrospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Global Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104003"}}