{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:19:53Z","timestamp":1788477593477,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"INSERM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019122","name":"Raoul Follereau Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019122","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:47:42Z","timestamp":1784922462000},"page":"104017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PCR-confirmed Buruli ulcer incidence over a 16-year period in Benin: a nationwide, retrospective, observational study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0073-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e9l\u00e9sphore","family":"Brou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esa\u00efe","family":"Anagonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Kpoton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Robbe-Saule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck","family":"Mignawande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Gabin","family":"Houezo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphin","family":"Degla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Barogui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Aguia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Steunou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Line","family":"Ganlonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akimath","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perrin","family":"Catraye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotus","family":"Hotegni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ange","family":"Dossou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7931-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Baumy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Boccarossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Fleuret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Dubee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4917-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle","family":"Marion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Eveillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Marsollier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghislain Emmanuel","family":"Sopoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib1","series-title":"Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans disease","first-page":"1","article-title":"Buruli ulcer: history and disease burden","author":"R\u00f6ltgen","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib2","series-title":"The Mengo hospital notes","author":"Cook","year":"1897"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1969.tb06536.x","article-title":"Notes on Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"41","author":"Buckle","year":"1969","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib4","first-page":"293","article-title":"Necrotic tropical ulcers and mycobacterial causative agents","volume":"11","author":"Janssens","year":"1959","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90121-6","article-title":"The distribution of Buruli disease in Uganda","volume":"66","author":"Barker","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e912","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30171-8","article-title":"Mapping the global distribution of Buruli ulcer: a systematic review with evidence consensus","volume":"7","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009157","article-title":"Mapping suitability for Buruli ulcer at fine spatial scales across Africa: a modelling study","volume":"15","author":"Simpson","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.09.021","article-title":"Buruli ulcer","volume":"27","author":"Portaels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib9","first-page":"e21","article-title":"Global and local environmental changes as drivers of Buruli ulcer emergence","volume":"6","author":"Combe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib10","article-title":"Buruli Ulcer, a prototype for ecosystem-related infection, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"31","author":"Zingue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01426-1","article-title":"Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change","volume":"12","author":"Mora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2504599","article-title":"Climate change and human health\u2014a research agenda for action","volume":"393","author":"Dzau","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.190427","article-title":"Global epidemiology of Buruli ulcer, 2010\u20132017, and analysis of 2014 WHO programmatic targets","volume":"25","author":"Omansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib14","article-title":"Buruli ulcer (M. ulcerans infection): new insights, new hope for disease control","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00274-23","article-title":"An Overview of 10 years of activity of a molecular laboratory for Buruli ulcer diagnosis at a field hospital in Benin","volume":"61","author":"Fajloun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02131-14","article-title":"Establishment of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culture laboratory facilities in a field hospital in Benin: 1-year results","volume":"52","author":"Marion","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib17","series-title":"GHS-SMOD R2023A\u2014GHS settlement layers, application of the Degree of Urbanisation methodology (stage I) to GHS-POP R2023A and GHS-BUILT-S R2023A, multitemporal (1975\u20132030)","author":"Schiavina","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib18","series-title":"qgis\/QGIS: 3.32.0","author":"Dawson","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000095","article-title":"A combined field study of Buruli ulcer disease in southeast Benin proposing preventive strategies based on epidemiological, geographic, behavioural and environmental analyses","volume":"2","author":"Boccarossa","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013509","article-title":"Territorial and gender-linked risk factors for Buruli ulcer in southern Benin: a case-control study using geographic and behavioral surveying","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010908","article-title":"A combined effort of 11 laboratories in the WHO African region to improve quality of Buruli ulcer PCR diagnosis: The \u201cBU-LABNET\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Marion","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011314","article-title":"Importance of consultations using mobile teams in the screening and treatment of neglected tropical skin diseases in Benin","volume":"17","author":"Gnimavo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003200","article-title":"Contribution of the community health volunteers in the control of Buruli ulcer in B\u00e9nin","volume":"8","author":"Barogui","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06473-9","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30047-7","article-title":"Rifampicin and clarithromycin (extended release) versus rifampicin and streptomycin for limited Buruli ulcer lesions: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial","volume":"395","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30160-9","article-title":"Delayed versus standard assessment for excision surgery in patients with Buruli ulcer in Benin: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Wadagni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq072","article-title":"Oral treatment for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: results from a pilot study in Benin","volume":"52","author":"Chauty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e422","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70223-2","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed Buruli ulcer in Benin: a cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70311-0","article-title":"Defining and targeting high-risk populations in Buruli ulcer","volume":"2","author":"Landier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30110-X","article-title":"Effect of well drilling on Buruli ulcer incidence in Benin: a case-control, quantitative survey","volume":"3","author":"Degnonvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03827-23","article-title":"Emergence and spread of Mycobacterium ulcerans at different geographic scales","volume":"12","author":"Briand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X26001798?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X26001798?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:05:25Z","timestamp":1788476725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214109X26001798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2214109X26001798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-109X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-109X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PCR-confirmed Buruli ulcer incidence over a 16-year period in Benin: a nationwide, retrospective, observational study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Global Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.langlo.2026.104017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104017"}}