{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:53:42Z","timestamp":1790873622213,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T20:17:19Z","timestamp":1734553039000},"page":"100942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in sub-Saharan Africa and\u00a0western Europe: a retrospective, population-based, cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Moustapha","family":"Mbow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9246-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Hoving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marouba","family":"Cisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabo J","family":"Honkpehedji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Huisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cilia R","family":"Pothast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlieke L M","family":"Jongsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion H","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia C","family":"de Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Thi Kieu","family":"Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Tak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne C M","family":"Kruize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacine Amet","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaimie L H","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corine","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna H E","family":"Roukens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutte J C","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J","family":"Wammes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermelijn H","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayola A","family":"Adegnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6865-8883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Zlei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taco W","family":"Kuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luuk","family":"Wieske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alioune","family":"Dieye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souleymane","family":"Mboup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Eftimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirumalaisamy P","family":"Velavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam H M","family":"Heemskerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Yazdanbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon P","family":"Jochems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Sesmu","family":"Arbous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard M.","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurriaan J.","family":"van der Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"de Bruin-Versteeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Cannegieter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Cant\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa M.","family":"Cobbaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther J.C.","family":"Coenen - van Vroonhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"van der Does","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques J.M.","family":"van Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Eikenboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariet C.W.","family":"Feltkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Geluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelle J.","family":"Goeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Giera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick J.","family":"Groenland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hankemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam H.M.","family":"Heemskerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter S.","family":"Hiemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis H.","family":"Hokke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalie","family":"van der Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline J.","family":"Janse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P.","family":"Jochems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone A.","family":"Joosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein","family":"Kikkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie Klaver","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieke","family":"Lamont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Manni\u00ebn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bas","family":"de Mooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom H.M.","family":"Ottenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Pike-Overzet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Pongr\u00e1cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"del Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria Queralt","family":"Rosinach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meta","family":"Roestenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna H.E.","family":"Roukens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Schrevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alita J.","family":"van der Sluijs-Gelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermelijn H.","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Snijder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.T.","family":"Staal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marloes D.","family":"Stradmeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alouette P.","family":"Strik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leendert A.","family":"Trouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roula","family":"Tsonaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswin","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo G.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutte J.C.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"van Westerloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"Wigbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk J.","family":"van der Wijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin C.","family":"van Wissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Wuhrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Yazdanbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Zlei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"de Zwart-Slats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josine A.","family":"Oud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryem","family":"Baysan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette","family":"Wigbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieke J.","family":"van Heurn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan B.","family":"ter Haar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra G.L.","family":"Toppenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annekee A.","family":"van IJlzinga Veenstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Heerdink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Eikenboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Wubbolts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Uzorka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Lijfering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romy","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sesmu M.","family":"Arbous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.J.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna G.","family":"van der Bom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf M.","family":"Dekkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frits R.","family":"Rosendaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008793","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of standardised seroprevalence studies, from January 2020\u00a0to December 2021","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109229118","article-title":"Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Sah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049752","article-title":"Ratio of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases among ascertained SARS-CoV-2 infections in different regions and population groups in 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis including 130\u2009123\u00a0infections from 241\u00a0studies","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3902","article-title":"COVID-19 in Africa: dampening the storm?","volume":"369","author":"Mbow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00941-2","article-title":"Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses","volume":"24","author":"van Dorst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023","article-title":"Impaired local intrinsic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Ziegler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I\u00a0interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd6197","article-title":"Longitudinal immune profiling reveals key myeloid signatures associated with COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109123118","article-title":"High-dimensional profiling reveals phenotypic heterogeneity and disease-specific alterations of granulocytes in COVID-19","volume":"118","author":"Lourda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01095-w","article-title":"Prolonged activation of nasal immune cell populations and development of tissue-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T\u00a0cell responses following COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Roukens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23267-w","article-title":"Distinct clinical and immunological profiles of patients with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"12","author":"Morton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67397","article-title":"HIV status alters disease severity and immune cell responses in Beta variant SARS-CoV-2 infection wave","volume":"10","author":"Karim","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02571-2","article-title":"Probing SARS-CoV-2-positive plasma to identify potential factors correlating with mild COVID-19 in Ghana, West Africa","volume":"20","author":"Tapela","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170011","article-title":"Prevalence and functional profile of SARS-CoV-2 T\u00a0cells in asymptomatic Kenyan adults","volume":"133","author":"Samandari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051082","article-title":"Dysregulated immune responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: a comprehensive overview","volume":"14","author":"Kudryavtsev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144734","article-title":"Functional monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells increase in blood but not airways and predict COVID-19 severity","volume":"131","author":"Falck-Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200021","article-title":"Cutting edge: hyperinflammatory monocytes expressing CD56 abound in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"209","author":"Campana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04702-4","article-title":"Fc\u03b3R-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation","volume":"606","author":"Junqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020","article-title":"Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences","volume":"160","author":"Brodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw3703","article-title":"Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2\u00a0and regulatory cells","volume":"12","author":"de Ruiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101054","article-title":"Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Wolday","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00231-23","article-title":"Differences in immune responses in individuals of Indian and European origin: relevance for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Geckin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-1284","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory cytokine response characterized by elevated interleukin-10 is a stronger predictor of severe disease and poor outcomes than the pro-inflammatory cytokine response in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"59","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087278","article-title":"Dexamethasone modulates the cytokine response but not COVID-19-induced coagulopathy in critically ill","volume":"24","author":"Dechamps","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J\u00a0Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00493-6","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine induces apoptosis of\u00a0myeloid-derived suppressor cells via up-regulation of CD81 contributing to alleviate lupus symptoms","volume":"28","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251731","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) decreases the benefit of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade in tumor immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Krueger","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.614599","article-title":"Reduced expression of autophagy markers and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with poor T\u00a0cell response in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Tomi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524724001952?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524724001952?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T04:31:41Z","timestamp":1740889901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666524724001952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666524724001952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in sub-Saharan Africa and\u00a0western Europe: a retrospective, population-based, cross-sectional study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100942"}}