{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:29:14Z","timestamp":1793215754692,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020865","name":"Animal Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021078","name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"Francis Crick Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016817","name":"University of Maryland School of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003388","name":"France Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003803","name":"University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011523","name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H9N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H9N2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011523","name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H1N1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H1N1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011523","name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H5N6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H5N6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011523","name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H7N9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H7N9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T14:52:05Z","timestamp":1728571925000},"page":"100973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pandemic risk characterisation of zoonotic influenza A\u00a0viruses using the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Reina","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Kamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Adlhoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E","family":"Swayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Pereyaslov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gounalan","family":"Pavade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian G","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J","family":"Webby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron A M","family":"Fouchier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Von Dobsch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Fabrizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuelong","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdi","family":"Samaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Pandemic preparedness and the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT)","volume":"385","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00603-0","article-title":"The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness","volume":"53","author":"Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.141086","article-title":"Development of framework for assessing influenza virus pandemic risk","volume":"21","author":"Trock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib6","article-title":"Toward a unified nomenclature system for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1)","volume":"14","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.124","article-title":"H5N1 influenza viruses: outbreaks and biological properties","volume":"20","author":"Neumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060156","article-title":"The emergence and decennary distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4\u00a0HPAI H5Nx","volume":"7","author":"Antigua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.10.022","article-title":"Genesis, evolution and prevalence of H5N6 avian influenza viruses in China","volume":"20","author":"Bi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2407.172123","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017","volume":"24","author":"Twabela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.171935","article-title":"Multiple introductions of influenza A(H5N8) virus into poultry, Egypt, 2017","volume":"24","author":"Salaheldin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.12.011","article-title":"Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt","volume":"58","author":"Yehia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1302-z","article-title":"Clade 2.3.4.4\u00a0avian influenza A (H5N8) outbreak in commercial poultry, Iran, 2016: the first report and update data","volume":"49","author":"Ghafouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.162056","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 infection in migratory birds, Egypt","volume":"23","author":"Selim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.180846","article-title":"Circulation of influenza A(H5N8) virus, Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Al-Ghadeer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.04.023","article-title":"Genetic analysis and biological characteristics of different internal gene origin H5N6 reassortment avian influenza virus in China in 2016","volume":"219","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3695-4","article-title":"Genetic and biological characterization of three poultry-origin H5N6 avian influenza viruses with all internal genes from genotype S\u00a0H9N2 viruses","volume":"163","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib19","article-title":"Avian influenza H5N6 viruses exhibit differing pathogenicities and transmissibilities in mammals","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00405-17","article-title":"Human clade 2.3.4.4 A\/H5N6 influenza virus lacks mammalian adaptation markers and does not transmit via the airborne route between ferrets","volume":"3","author":"Herfst","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01710-2016","article-title":"Tropism and innate host responses of influenza A\/H5N6 virus: an analysis of ex\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract","volume":"49","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30236-4","article-title":"Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of influenza virus: an analysis of human airway organoids and ex-vivo bronchus cultures","volume":"6","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0029-x","article-title":"Comparison of the pathogenic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6, and H5N8 viruses isolated in South Korea during the 2016\u20132017\u00a0winter season","volume":"7","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-16","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 viruses exhibit enhanced affinity for human type sialic acid receptor and in-contact transmission in model ferrets","volume":"90","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12869","article-title":"Limited pathogenicity and transmissibility of Korean highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4\u00a0in ferrets","volume":"65","author":"Noh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00298.x","article-title":"Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1): updated nomenclature","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-016-3750-4","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c virus in migratory birds, 2014-2015","volume":"31","author":"Bi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12731","article-title":"Experimental infection of clade 1.1.2 (H5N1), clade 2.3.2.1c (H5N1) and clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in dogs","volume":"64","author":"Lyoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12986","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus struck migratory birds in China in 2015","volume":"5","author":"Bi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160611","article-title":"Highly pathogenic reassortant avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.2.1a in poultry, Bhutan","volume":"22","author":"Marinova-Petkova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2800-4","article-title":"Highly pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus of clade 2.3.2.1c in Western Siberia","volume":"161","author":"Marchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-021-2025-y","article-title":"Genetic and biological characteristics of the globally circulating H5N8 avian influenza viruses and the protective efficacy offered by the poultry vaccine currently used in China","volume":"65","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3255","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14551","article-title":"Emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b novel reassortant H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in South Korea during late 2021","volume":"69","author":"Sagong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.220318","article-title":"Intercontinental movement of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4 virus to the United States, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Bevins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib36","article-title":"Avian influenza overview December 2021 - March 2022","volume":"20","author":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2088407","article-title":"Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100439","article-title":"Isolation of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8), a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, from a worker during an outbreak on a poultry farm, Russia, December 2020","volume":"26","author":"Pyankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8852","article-title":"Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza H5N8","volume":"354","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib41","article-title":"Cross-species transmission and PB2 mammalian adaptations of highly pathogenic avian influenza A\/H5N1 viruses in Chile","author":"Pardo-Roa","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022","volume":"28","author":"Ag\u00fcero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105423","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infections in wild carnivores connected to mass mortalities of pheasants in Finland","volume":"111","author":"Tammiranta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.5.2200061","article-title":"A\u00a0case of avian influenza A(H5N1) in England, January 2022","volume":"27","author":"Oliver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2063076","article-title":"Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070620","article-title":"A\u00a0global perspective on H9N2 avian influenza virus","volume":"11","author":"Peacock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e804","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00232-4","article-title":"The time is now: a call to contain H9N2 avian influenza viruses","volume":"3","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00279-1","article-title":"Characterization of a human H9N2 influenza virus isolated in Hong Kong","volume":"20","author":"Saito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-85","article-title":"6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X\u00a0is the common receptor determinant recognized by H5, H6, H7 and H9 influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry","volume":"5","author":"Gambaryan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12084","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108058108","article-title":"Compatibility of H9N2 avian influenza surface genes and 2009\u00a0pandemic H1N1 internal genes for transmission in the ferret model","volume":"108","author":"Kimble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib53","first-page":"e75","article-title":"Assessing the fitness of distinct clades\u00a0of influenza A (H9N2) viruses","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008284","article-title":"Correction: genetics, receptor binding\u00a0property, and transmissibility in mammals of naturally isolated H9N2 avian influenza viruses","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004508","article-title":"Genetics, receptor binding property, and transmissibility in mammals of naturally isolated H9N2 avian influenza viruses","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817002576","article-title":"A\u00a0brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa","volume":"145","author":"Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902284","article-title":"Biological characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from healthy chickens in Shanghai, China","volume":"22","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175267","article-title":"Effect of serial pig passages on the adaptation of an avian H9N2 influenza virus to swine","volume":"12","author":"Mancera Gracia","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5030017","article-title":"Heterologous humoral response against H5N1, H7N3, and H9N2 avian influenza viruses after seasonal vaccination in a European elderly population","volume":"5","author":"Sanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181093","article-title":"Heterosubtypic cross-reactivity of HA1 antibodies to influenza A, with emphasis on nonhuman subtypes (H5N1, H7N7, H9N2)","volume":"12","author":"Te Beest","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib62","first-page":"e187","article-title":"Human infection with H3N8 avian influenza virus: a novel H9N2-original reassortment virus","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2117097","article-title":"A\u00a0case of human infection by H3N8 influenza virus","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.221067","article-title":"Novel zoonotic avian influenza virus A(H3N8) virus in chicken, Hong Kong, China","volume":"28","author":"Sit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304459","article-title":"Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70138-3","article-title":"Tropism and innate host responses of a novel avian influenza A\u00a0H7N9 virus: an analysis of ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract","volume":"1","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242917","article-title":"Structures and receptor binding of hemagglutinins from human-infecting H7N9 influenza viruses","volume":"342","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12392","article-title":"Characterization of H7N9 influenza A\u00a0viruses isolated from humans","volume":"501","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12391","article-title":"Pathogenesis and transmission of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in ferrets and mice","volume":"501","author":"Belser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239844","article-title":"Infectivity, transmission, and pathology of human-isolated H7N9 influenza virus in ferrets and pigs","volume":"341","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240532","article-title":"H7N9 influenza viruses are transmissible in ferrets by respiratory droplet","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2017.8.1.001","article-title":"Sudden increase in human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China, September-December 2016","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Western Pac Surveill Response J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.09.008","article-title":"A\u00a0highly pathogenic avian H7N9 influenza virus isolated from a human is lethal in some ferrets infected via respiratory droplets","volume":"22","author":"Imai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02293-16","article-title":"Role of neuraminidase in influenza A(H7N9) virus receptor binding","volume":"91","author":"Benton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2017.129","article-title":"H7N9 virulent mutants detected in chickens in China pose an increased threat to humans","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038349","article-title":"H7N9 influenza virus in China","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.006","article-title":"Rapid evolution of H7N9 highly pathogenic viruses that emerged in China in 2017","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2501.181259","article-title":"Influenza H5\/H7 virus vaccination in poultry and reduction of zoonotic infections, Guangdong Province, China, 2017-18","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-018-9420-1","article-title":"Vaccination of poultry successfully eliminated human infection with H7N9 virus in China","volume":"61","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0739-z","article-title":"Research progress on human infection with avian influenza H7N9","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00275-16","article-title":"A\u00a0phylogeny-based global nomenclature system and automated annotation tool for H1 hemagglutinin genes from swine influenza A\u00a0viruses","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.10.016","article-title":"Genetic analysis and antigenic\u00a0characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States, 1990-2010","volume":"422","author":"Shu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903812","article-title":"Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) in humans in the United States, 2005-2009","volume":"360","author":"Shinde","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08157","article-title":"Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"459","author":"Neumann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0808.010474","article-title":"Serologic evidence of H1 swine influenza virus infection in swine farm residents and employees","volume":"8","author":"Olsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.04.028","article-title":"Characterization of triple reassortant H1N1 influenza A\u00a0viruses from swine in Ohio","volume":"139","author":"Yassine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.05.005","article-title":"Receptor-binding properties of swine influenza viruses isolated and propagated in MDCK cells","volume":"114","author":"Gambaryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib89","first-page":"29","article-title":"Genetics, evolution, and the zoonotic capacity of European swine influenza viruses","volume":"370","author":"Zell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12217","article-title":"The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A\u00a0viruses","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921186117","article-title":"Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009\u00a0pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection","volume":"117","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.06.001","article-title":"Pathogenicity of novel reassortant Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza virus in pigs","volume":"561","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522643113","article-title":"Prevalence, genetics, and transmissibility in ferrets of Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses","volume":"113","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2208-0","article-title":"Continued evolution of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses in China","volume":"66","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.211965","article-title":"Determining existing human population immunity as part of assessing influenza pandemic risk","volume":"28","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2203919119","article-title":"A\u00a0Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza reassortant virus became pathogenic and highly transmissible due to mutations in its PA gene","volume":"119","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01174-22","article-title":"Robustness of the ferret model for influenza risk assessment studies: a cross-laboratory exercise","volume":"13","author":"Belser","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.172114","article-title":"Ferrets as models for influenza virus transmission studies and pandemic risk assessments","volume":"24","author":"Belser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524724002349?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524724002349?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T21:51:11Z","timestamp":1762638671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666524724002349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666524724002349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pandemic risk characterisation of zoonotic influenza A\u00a0viruses using the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100973","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100973"}}