{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:03:16Z","timestamp":1789113796320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022210","name":"Canadian Statistical Sciences Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013873","name":"Government of Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-UM1AI164565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-UM1AI164565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["186284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["186284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["155990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["155990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021784","name":"Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T15:55:14Z","timestamp":1741794914000},"page":"101018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association between HIV-1 Nef-mediated MHC-I downregulation and the maintenance of the replication-competent latent viral reservoir in individuals with virally suppressed HIV-1 in Uganda: an exploratory cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mitchell J","family":"Mumby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0805-4196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L","family":"Prodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jada","family":"Hackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharada","family":"Saraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3317-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roux-Cil","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Tomusange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiri","family":"Jamiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggrey","family":"Anok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taddeo","family":"Kityamuweesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Buule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6186-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corby","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra R","family":"Edgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M","family":"Trothen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A","family":"Dekaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9954-8660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin E","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-2115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam A","family":"Capoferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen R","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Klock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jernelle C","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7756-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron A R","family":"Tobian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Art F Y","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald M","family":"Galiwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D","family":"Redd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy D","family":"Dikeakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7117.1194","article-title":"Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16725","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804192105","article-title":"HIV rebounds from latently infected cells, rather than from continuing low-level replication","volume":"105","author":"Joos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18666191231105438","article-title":"Characterizing the latent HIV-1 reservoir in patients with viremia suppressed on cART: progress, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Rausch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002417","article-title":"HIV-1 persistence following extremely early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during\u00a0acute\u00a0HIV-1 infection: an observational study","volume":"14","author":"Henrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1972","article-title":"HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T\u00a0cell survival and homeostatic proliferation","volume":"15","author":"Chomont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nm880","article-title":"Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"9","author":"Siliciano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/8394","article-title":"Latent infection of CD4+ T\u00a0cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy","volume":"5","author":"Finzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ171","article-title":"Impact of the timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection on the decay of cell-associated HIV-DNA","volume":"60","author":"Laanani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134105","article-title":"Differences in inducibility of the latent HIV reservoir in perinatal and adult infection","volume":"5","author":"Dhummakupt","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139287","article-title":"Reduced HIV-1 latent reservoir outgrowth and distinct immune correlates among women in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"5","author":"Prodger","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa640","article-title":"Association between cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus viremia and human immunodeficiency virus DNA levels in the reservoir of Kenyan infants receiving antiretroviral therapy","volume":"223","author":"Slyker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02233-16","article-title":"HIV-specific granzyme B-secreting\u00a0but not gamma interferon-secreting T\u00a0cells are associated\u00a0with\u00a0reduced viral reservoirs in early HIV infection","volume":"91","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01832-18","article-title":"HIV subtype and Nef-mediated immune evasion function correlate with viral reservoir size in early-treated individuals","volume":"93","author":"Omondi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix478","article-title":"Reduced frequency of cells latently infected with replication-competent Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in virally suppressed individuals living in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"65","author":"Prodger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105040","article-title":"Temporary increase in circulating replication-competent latent HIV-infected resting CD4+ T\u00a0cells after switch to an integrase inhibitor based antiretroviral regimen","volume":"102","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-05-0470","article-title":"Small molecule inhibition of HIV-1-induced MHC-I down-regulation identifies a temporally regulated switch in Nef action","volume":"21","author":"Dikeakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00588-21","article-title":"An amino acid polymorphism within the HIV-1 Nef dileucine motif functionally uncouples cell surface CD4 and SERINC5 downregulation","volume":"95","author":"Mumby","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506755112","article-title":"CD4 mimetics sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC","volume":"112","author":"Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02725-06","article-title":"Downregulation of CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1\u00a0Nef is dependent on clathrin and involves direct interaction of Nef with the AP2 clathrin adaptor","volume":"81","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/34929","article-title":"HIV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T\u00a0lymphocytes","volume":"391","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154422","article-title":"The HIV-1 proviral landscape reveals that Nef contributes to HIV-1 persistence in effector memory CD4+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"132","author":"Duette","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30647-9","article-title":"Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis","volume":"19","author":"Hemelaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/387183a0","article-title":"Quantification of latent tissue reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 infection","volume":"387","author":"Chun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-018-0426-1","article-title":"Quantitation of the latent HIV-1 reservoir from the sequence diversity in viral outgrowth assays","volume":"15","author":"Poon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.5.415","article-title":"Retrieval and on-the-fly alignment of sequence fragments from the HIV database","volume":"17","author":"Gaschen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1995.11.1413","article-title":"A\u00a0computer program designed to screen rapidly for HIV type 1\u00a0intersubtype recombinant sequences","volume":"11","author":"Siepel","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000107","article-title":"Analysis of the history and spread of HIV-1 in Uganda using phylodynamics","volume":"96","author":"Yebra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-100","article-title":"Ability of HIV-1 Nef to downregulate CD4 and HLA class I\u00a0differs among viral subtypes","volume":"10","author":"Mann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI171554","article-title":"The latent reservoir of inducible, infectious HIV-1 does not decrease despite decades of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"133","author":"McMyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93684","article-title":"Pharmacologic HIV-1 Nef blockade promotes CD8 T cell-mediated elimination of latently HIV-1-infected cells in\u00a0vitro","volume":"2","author":"Mujib","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524724002866?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524724002866?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T21:51:01Z","timestamp":1762638661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666524724002866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666524724002866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association between HIV-1 Nef-mediated MHC-I downregulation and the maintenance of the replication-competent latent viral reservoir in individuals with virally suppressed HIV-1 in Uganda: an exploratory cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101018"}}